Second French intervention in Mexico
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Was an invasion of Mexico by the Second French Empire. It led to the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, a French protectorate, which collapsed after the withdrawal of the French troops.
Chronology
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Was a joint French, Spanish and British invasion of Mexico that started the Second French intervention in Mexico.
January 1862: The European forces advanced to Orizaba, Cordoba and Tehuacán.
February 1862: The city of Campeche surrendered to the French fleet.
December 1861: The fleets of the Tripartite Alliance arrived at Veracruz between 8 and 17 December 1861, intending to pressure the Mexican government into settling its debts. The Spanish fleet seized San Juan de Ulúa and subsequently the capital Veracruz on 17 December.
April 1862: The Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs, Manuel Doblado met with the Spanish general Juan Prim (who was the nominal commander of the tripartite alliance) and explained to him the country's economic complications and persuaded him that the suspension of the debts was only going to be temporary. For the governments of Spain and Great Britain this explanation was sufficient, and along with their realisation of the French ambition to conquer Mexico, the two governments made the decision to peacefully withdraw their forces on 9 April, with the last British and Spanish troops leaving on 24 April without a shot being fired by either army.
Was the French military campaign to occupy Mexico during the Second French intervention in Mexico.
June 1865: In April and May the republicans had many forces in the states of Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Most towns along the Rio Grande were also occupied by republicans.
June 1864: Fall of Acapulco to Imperial forces on 3 June 1864.
December 1864: The defeat of republicans in the states of Sinaloa and Jalisco in November 1864 was a significant victory for the Second Mexican Empire led by Emperor Maximilian I and General Tomas Mejia. This marked a turning point in the French intervention in Mexico.
October 1862: The French occupied the port of Tampico.
December 1862: Unopposed by Mexican forces, the French took control of Xalapa.
May 1863: Puebla surrendered to the French during the Battle of Puebla in 1863. The French forces were led by General Charles de Lorencez, while the Mexican defenders were commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza. This event marked a significant moment in the French intervention in Mexico.
June 1863: French troops under Bazaine entered Mexico City.
April 1864: Archduke Maximilian of Austria was installed as Emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III of France with the Treaty of Miramar. In reality, Maximilian was a puppet monarch of the Second French Empire.
February 1865: French General Bazaine captured Oaxaca.
March 1865: The French fleet landed soldiers who captured Guaymas.
April 1865: In 1865, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces commanded by General Leonardo Márquez at Tacámbaro in Michoacán during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This victory was a significant blow to the Second Mexican Empire established by Emperor Maximilian I.
July 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, the city of Durango was occupied by French forces.
May 1865: In 1865, during the Second French intervention in Mexico, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces at Tacámbaro in Michoacán. This victory was a significant blow to Emperor Maximilian I's regime.
March 1863: General Forey was a French military leader who led the French Army in the siege of Puebla in 1863. The siege was part of the French intervention in Mexico, where French forces sought to establish a monarchy under Emperor Maximilian I.
January 1864: The French under general Bazaine occupied Guadalajara.
February 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, General Douay led French troops to occupy Zacatecas.
April 1864: The French, under Napoleon III, attempted to set up a client state known as the Second Mexican Empire with Emperor Maximilian I. This was in response to the Second Federal Republic of Mexico led by President Benito Juárez.
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Mexico at the end of the Second French intervention in Mexico.
August 1866: The Second Federal Republic of Mexico captured Matamoros, Tampico and Acapulco in July.
December 1866: The whole of Oaxaca was occupied in November by the Republic of Mexico.
June 1867: Ultimately the French were unable to consolidate control of the entire nation and under pressure from the United States which after the end of the Civil War, could more effectively enforce the Monroe Doctrine, withdrew from Mexico, leading to the Empire's collapse in 1867.
February 1867: In January 1867, the Republicans led by President Benito Juárez occupied the states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Guanajuato during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This marked a significant advance for the Second Federal Republic of Mexico in their fight against the French-backed Imperial forces.
July 1866: The Republicans took Guadalajara on 8 July.
March 1867: Maximilian I of Mexico withdrew to Querétaro. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March.
August 1866: Saltillo was occupied by the Republicans on 5 August.
October 1866: State of Sonora conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
October 1866: The Republicans, led by General Porfirio Díaz, defeated the imperial troops of Emperor Maximilian I in the Battle of Miahuatlán in Oaxaca in 1866. This victory was a significant moment in the struggle between the Second Federal Republic of Mexico and the French-backed Second Mexican Empire.
April 1867: Mexico City conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
July 1866: The French evacuated Monterrey on 26 July.
November 1866: Ramón Corona was a Mexican general who played a key role in the French intervention in Mexico. The French forces, led by Emperor Maximilian, agreed to withdraw from Mazatlán as part of the terms negotiated with Ramón Corona in 1866.
March 1866: In 1866, choosing Franco-American relations over his Mexican monarchy ambitions, Napoleon III announced the withdrawal of French forces beginning 31 May. The Republicans won a series of crippling victories taking immediate advantage of the end of French military support to the Imperial troops, occupying Chihuahua on 25 March.
