The Union of Utrecht
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Was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands.
Chronology
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September 1585: Antwerp was besieged and it surrendered to the Spanish in August.
January 1581: In 1580, the city of Groningen shifted its allegiance to the Union of Utrecht under the influence of George van Rennenberg, the stadtholder for Friesland. This decision was significant as it strengthened the Union of Utrecht's position in the region.
September 1579: In 1579, the cities of Amersfoort, Ypres, Antwerp, Breda, and Brussels joined the Union of Utrecht, a treaty signed by the northern provinces of the Netherlands to oppose Spanish rule. This alliance was led by William the Silent, Prince of Orange, and played a crucial role in the Dutch Revolt against Spanish control.
January 1580: During the following months of 1579, other states signed the treaty as well, such as Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County).
July 1580: Spanish forces managed to capture most of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel.
July 1581: Part of the Spanish Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581.
January 1583: The Spanish captured the fortress city of Steenwijk.
January 1584: The cities of Dunkirk and Nieuwpoort fell to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
May 1584: Ypres conquered by spain.
October 1584: Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County) conquered by spain.
March 1580: In February 1580, the cities of Lier and Bruges, along with the surrounding area, joined the Union of Utrecht.
May 1579: Catholic Walloon provinces signed their own defensive Union of Arras on 6 January 1579. Grievances against Spain of Catholics who were becoming more and more concerned about Calvinist violence were satisfied and they could make a separate peace in the form of the Treaty of Arras in May 1579. All the cities of the union of arras that were still at war with spain renewed their allegiance to Spain.
May 1580: In April 1580, Overijssel and Drenthe signed a treaty with the Union of Utrecht.
January 1579: The treaty for the formation of the Union of Utrecht was signed by the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht (excluding some areas), and Groningen (excluding the city).
July 1581: The Spanish military leader Alexander Farnese, also known as the Duke of Parma, successfully captured the town of Breda.
June 1584: Bruges conquered by spain.
July 1581: Minor Spanish reconquests from the rebel Dutch state in 1581.
April 1585: Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands, surrendered to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
