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Were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
Chronology
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Was the first of a series of wars between English and Scottish forces. It lasted from the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 until the de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
1.1.English invasion of Scotland (1296)
Was the English invasion of Scotland in 1296 that resulted in the occupation of the country.
March 1296: The English army crossed the Tweed River and proceeded to the priory of Coldstream.
March 1296: The Kingdom of England captured Berwick.
April 1296: After the Battle of Dunbar Edward I of England arrived at Dunbar on 28 April, with the castle surrendering.
May 1296: Edward I, the King of England, arrived in Haddington as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland.
May 1296: Lauder conquered by Kingdom of England.
June 1296: King Edward I of England led his army to capture various Scottish territories including Jedburgh Castle, Wyel, Castleton, Jedborough, and Roxburgh. The English forces then proceeded to Lauder and the abbey of Newbattle.
July 1296: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England at the time. Stirling Castle was surrendered by the porter to Edward I in 1296 during the First War of Scottish Independence. This event marked the English conquest of Scotland.
July 1296: In 1296, King Edward I of England marched through Auchterarder, Perth, Kinclaven, Clunie, Inverqueich, Forfar, Farnell, and Montrose as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence.
August 1296: John and the leading nobles of Scotland presented themselves to Edward I at Stracathro Churchyard in July and surrendered.
June 1296: In Edinburgh English forces laid siege to Edinburgh Castle. After five days of siege the castle surrendered.
1.2.Wallace Revolt
Was a revolt in Scotland against English occupation led by William Wallace and Andrew de Moray.
November 1297: William Wallace, a Scottish knight and leader of the Scottish resistance against English rule, picked up the sword in 1297 to invade England. He crossed into Northumberland, a territory that was part of the Kingdom of Scotland at the time.
November 1297: Wallace and Moray divided their forces and in a short time again forced the English south of the Forth, leaving them holding only the castle of Dundee.
December 1297: Scottish forces led by William Wallace leave Northumberland.
1.3.English Second Invasion of Scotland
Was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England in retaliation to a Scottish uprising in 1297. The English were ultimately unsuccesful in recapturing Scotland.
July 1298: Battle of Falkirk: the English army defeated the Scots. Edward of England occupied Stirling and raided Perth, St. Andrews and Ayrshire.
January 1300: The Scots recaptured Stirling Castle.
September 1298: The English forces retreated to Carlisle.
1.4.English Third Invasion of Scotland
Was a military campaign undertaken by Edward I of England to continue gains from the 1298 invasion.
June 1300: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England who led the campaign into Scotland in 1300. Caerlaverock Castle was a strategically important fortress in the region of Annandale and Galloway, which fell under English control as a result of the invasion.
January 1302: In 1301, the English armies led by King Edward I and his son Prince Edward met at Linlithgow to winter.
February 1302: In January 1302, King Edward I of England agreed to a nine-month truce with King John Balliol of Scotland. This truce was part of ongoing negotiations between the two kingdoms during the First War of Scottish Independence.
October 1300: In 1300, King Edward I of England arranged a truce with the Scots on 30 October after facing lack of success in the occupied regions. This allowed him to return to England from the ongoing conflict with the Kingdom of Scotland.
October 1301: Bothwell conquered by Kingdom of England.
1.5.English Fourth Invasion of Scotland
English invasion of Scotland, undertaken by King Edward I of England after the failure of the 1301 invasion.
July 1303: King Edward I of England reached Edinburgh in June 1303.
July 1303: The English army marched on Linlithgow, Stirling, and Perth.
September 1303: In 1303, King Edward I of England traveled through Dundee, Montrose, and Brechin before arriving in Aberdeen in August. This journey was part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence.
December 1303: In 1303, King Edward I of England marched through Moray, Badenoch, and Dunfermline as part of his campaign to assert English control over Scotland. This military campaign was part of the ongoing conflict between the two kingdoms for dominance in the region.
February 1304: Early in 1304, Edward of England sent a raiding party into the Scottish borders, which put to flight the forces under Fraser and Wallace. With the country now under submission, all the leading Scots surrendered to Edward in February, except for Wallace, Fraser, and Soulis, who was in France. Terms of submission were negotiated on 9 February by John Comyn.
June 1304: Having eliminated most Scottish opposition, Edward turned his attention to Stirling Castle, laying siege to it.
1.6.De facto independence of Scotland from England
De facto independence of Scotland was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn.
June 1314: De facto independence was established in 1314 at the Battle of Bannockburn.
May 1318: Sir James Douglas, a Scottish knight and military leader, captured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 during the First War of Scottish Independence. The town had been under English control since 1296.
March 1306: 25 March 1306 - 24 June 1314: at Scone Abbey on 25 March 1306, Robert Bruce was crowned as King Robert I of Scotland.
1.7.Bruce campaign in Ireland
Was a three-year military campaign in Ireland by Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce.
January 1315: In 1315, during the First War of Scottish Independence, Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce bypassed Dublin and advanced to Kildare in southern Ireland, as part of their campaign against English rule in Ireland.
May 1315: Edward Bruce, the younger brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland, landed at Larne in Antrim on May 26, 1315.
June 1315: The Scots, led by King Robert the Bruce, captured Dundalk from the English forces.
September 1315: The defeat of the Earls of Ulster secured Edward Bruce a base in Ulster.
January 1316: In December 1315, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeated a force led by Roger Mortimer of Wigmore at Kells. This victory was a significant moment in the First War of Scottish Independence, solidifying Bruce's control over the region.
January 1316: Ardscull at Athy on 26 January 1316.
February 1316: The Scots retreated to Ulster in view of their low supplies.
September 1316: During the First War of Scottish Independence, King Robert the Bruce of Scotland led his forces to capture the castles of Greencastle and Northburgh in 1316, expanding his territory in Ireland.
October 1316: Carrickfergus surrendered to Socttish forces in September 1316.
February 1317: In 1317, during the First War of Scottish Independence, King Robert the Bruce's forces burned the town of Slane in County Meath, Ireland. This was part of the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Scotland and the English crown.
February 1317: Before February 23, the Scottish army was in front of Dublin.
April 1317: In 1317, Edward Bruce, brother of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland, led a military campaign through Leinster and Munster in Ireland. They bypassed Dublin and headed southwest, eventually reaching Limerick in early April.
April 1317: The turning point came in early April 1317 when the new King's Lieutenant Roger Mortimer landed in southern Ireland with reinforcements. With no adequate supplies, no support from the Irish people and amid further fighting, the Scots retreated to Ulster.
1.8.Bruce raids of Northern England
Raids on Northern England, carried out by Scottish king Robert the Bruce during the First Scottish War of Independence between 30 September and 2 November 1322.
September 1322: The Great Raid of 1322 was a major raid on Northern England, carried out by Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.
October 1322: End of the Scottish Great Raid of 1322.
The Second War of Scottish Independence broke out in 1332 when Edward Balliol, a claimant to the Scottish throne, led an English-backed invasion of Scotland.
2.1.Edward Balliol invasion of Scotland
Was the English invasion of Scotland led by the pretender to the Scottish throne Edwar Balliol.
August 1332: Battle of Dupplin Moor: fought between supporters of the child King David II, the son of King Robert the Bruce, and rebels supporting the Balliol claim in 1332. Particularly prominent among Balliol's supporters were residents of Fife and Strathearn.
December 1332: Edward Balliol was driven from Scotland in the Battle of Annan.
October 1332: In 1332, Edward Balliol, son of former Scottish king John Balliol, was crowned King of Scots by his supporters known as the Balliol Loyalists. He marched across Scotland, eventually settling in Roxburgh as he continued to gather support for his claim to the Scottish throne.
2.2.Invasion of Edward III
English invasion of Scotland, undertaken by King Edward III of England as part of the Second War of Scottish Independence.
March 1333: Battle of Dornock.
April 1333: Siege of Berwick.
July 1333: Siege of Berwick.
August 1333: In July 1333, King Edward III of England gained control of several Scottish territories, including Roxburgh, Edinburgh, Peebles, Dumfries, Linlithgow, and Haddington, from King John Balliol of Scotland during the Second War of Scottish Independence.
January 1334: Battle of Halidon Hill: much of Scotland falls under English occupation, with eight of the counties of the Lowlands ceded to England by Edward Balliol.
August 1335: Edward III was the King of England and Edward Balliol was a claimant to the Scottish throne. In 1335, they invaded Scotland with a large army, capturing Glasgow and Perth as part of their campaign to assert English control over Scotland.
June 1337: In May 1337, the English army under the orders of Henry Plantagenet invaded Scotland, followed in July 1337 by another army under the orders of King Edward III. Together, they ravaged much of the northeast by sacking Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army pillaged the southwest and the Clyde Valley.
November 1336: By the end of 1336 the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland.
July 1337: In May 1337, the English army under the orders of Henry Plantagenet invaded Scotland, followed in July 1337 by another army under the orders of King Edward III. Together, they ravaged much of the northeast by sacking Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army pillaged the southwest and the Clyde Valley.
2.3.Raid of David II
Was a raid in Northern England by the Scottish king David II.
October 1341: David II of Scotland leads a raid on England.
November 1341: Edward III marshal an army north to reinforce the borders against the invading Scottish forces.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.126
Wars of Scottish Independence
