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Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
Chronology
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Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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January 1913: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south.
1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On October 20, Greek units occupied Tenedos.
January 1913: Greek conquest of Sakız.
May 1912: Italian R.N. Napoli occupies the island of Kos.
May 1912: Ships of the Italian 1st and 2nd divisions occupied Karpathos (It. Scarpanto) and Kasos (It. Caso), while other units of the same divisions with simultaneous action, seized Nisyros (It. Nisiro), Tilos (It. Piscopi), Kalymnos (It. Calimno), Leros (It. Lero), and Patmos (It. Patmo).
April 1912: On the 28th, Astypalaia (It. Stampalia) was occupied by Italian forces.
May 1912: The first Italian landing in Rhodes took place on May 4, when 8,000 men under the command of General Giovanni Ameglio landed in the bay of Kalitea about 10 km from the capital Rhodes, reached in the evening. The Turkish garrison of city withdrew during the night and surrendered the following morning.
December 1912: Greek forces took Körice on December 20.
December 1912: On November 21, the Greeks landed at Midilli.
May 1912: On May 9, 1912, Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi occupied Calchi, taking the garrison prisoner.
May 1912: On May 16, during the battles of Psithos, Italian destroyers Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Leipsoi (It. Lisso).
May 1912: Italian R.N. Pegasus took possession of the island of Symi.
November 1912: Greek forces took Taşoz, İmroz, Samothrace and Limni (now Lemnos) in early November.
1.2.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: The Montenegrin Eastern Division took Akova.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Senica.
October 1912: the Montenegrin troops arrived at Scutari on 18 October, but two frontal assaults launched on 24 and 28 October were repulsed by the Ottoman garrison.
April 1913: Serbian forces occupied Berat.
November 1912: A Serbian column reached the sea at Leş.
March 1913: With the fall of Ioannina, the Greeks completed the conquest of Epirus by taking, between 15 and 21 March, Ergiri Kasrı and Tepedelen.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Berane.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Palav.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Priştina.
October 1912: The Serbian army of the Ibar took Yeni Pazar.
November 1912: Montenegrin detachments captured İpek.
November 1912: With the capture of Prizren, Kosovo was completely occupied by the Serbian and Montenegrin coalition forces.
November 1912: On November 25, Hellenic Army officer Sapountzakis was able to surround Ioannina on three sides (west, south and east), but the north side remained uncovered.
November 1912: A Serbian column instead captured Tirana and Dıraç by November 27.
April 1913: The Serbs advanced into southern Albania, occupying Loşna.
May 1913: As European powers opposed Montenegrin control of Scutari (Shkodër), Prince Nikola of Montenegro relinquished the city to an international contingent on May 8.
April 1913: The Montenegrins took possession of the city of Scutari (Shkodër).
October 1912: Taşlıca is taken by Montenegrin forces on October 28.
November 1912: Montenegrin cnquest of Yakova jointly with the Serbs.
November 1912: On November 2, Preveze was reached by Greek forces and fell two days later.
March 1913: On March 6 the Ottoman garrison of Ioannina surrendered to Greek forces.
1.3.Bulgarian offensive (First Balkan War)
Was the Bulgarian military invasion of Ottoman territories during the First Balkan War.
November 1912: Bulgarian victory at the battle of Lüleburgaz.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces occupied İskeçe on November 26.
October 1912: The important center of Kardzhali was occupied by Bulgarian forces.
November 1912: Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) was completely surrounded by the Bulgarians.
October 1912: The Bulgarians did not immediately press the Ottomans, who were thus able to entrench themselves on a 40 km long second defensive line between the towns of Lüleburgaz, Karaağaç and Bunarhisar, 150 km west of Istanbul: on 29 October the Bulgarian First and Third Armies attacked the Ottoman line, but met stiff resistance.
October 1912: Between 26 and 27 October the Bulgarian forces secured the town of Smoljan and the Mesta valley.
October 1912: On October 24, the Bulgarians took Kirk Kilisse.
November 1912: After massing the First and Third Armies in front of Çatalca, the Bulgarian forces launched their offensive on 17 November.
October 1912: On the night of October 18, 1912, the Bulgarian vanguards began to penetrate enemy territory, easily pushing back the few Ottoman forces stationed to guard the border.
October 1912: The Bulgarians arrived in front of the main body of the Ottoman Eastern Army, deployed between the cities of Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse.
November 1912: On November 5, Bulgarian forces forced the Ottoman positions on the Rhodope mountain chain and occupied the important railway center of Drama.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces reached the Aegean coast at Dedeağaç (now Alexandroupoli).
November 1912: Ottoman forces were forced to surrender at Feres.
November 1912: Bulgarian troops from Lüleburgaz reached the coast of the Marmara Sea near Şarköy, isolating the Ottoman forces barricaded in the Gallipoli peninsula, which were however able to hold their position.
March 1913: The Ottoman commander Şükrü Pasha surrendered Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) to the Bulgarians, ending a siege that lasted 155 days.
1.4.Macedonian Front (Balkan War)
Was the Macedonian front of the First Balkan War.
November 1912: On November 8, the Ottoman garrison capitulated and the Greeks took possession of Saloniki.
November 1912: Between 5 and 6 November Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other in the battle of Prilep, a battle won by the Serbs who were thus able to continue their advance.
October 1912: Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other near Kumanovo.
November 1912: On November 20, the Serbs took Resne.
October 1912: The Greeks entered Kozani.
November 1912: The Hellenic fleet occupied the Chalkidiki peninsula with landing forces.
November 1912: After passing the Olympus massif, the Greek troops entered the plain of Thessaloniki, where they met Ottoman resistance: between 1 and 2 November the two sides faced each other in the battle of Giannitsa, a tough battle that ended with another Greek victory .
November 1912: The Greeks extended their conquests as far west as Körice, Albania, and east as far as Lake Dojran and Mount Pangeo, completing the occupation of southern Macedonia in less than a month.
November 1912: Encountering negligible resistance, the Bulgarians took Petriç, Demirhisar and Serez.
October 1912: The Serbian First Army took Üsküb virtually without a fight.
October 1912: The Serbian Second Army captured İştip and Ustrumca.
November 1912: On November 16, the two Serbian armies reached Monastir, the third largest city in Macedonia. On 19 November the Serbs entered Monastir undisturbed, leaving the Ottomans free to fall back on central-southern Albania.
November 1912: Greek forces captured the town of Florina.
November 1912: Serbian military operations ended with the capture of the city of Ohrid.
October 1912: On October 19, Crown Prince Alexander's Serbian First Army crossed the Ottoman border south of Vranje aiming towards the Vardar valley, while General Stepanović's Serbian Second Army moved from Bulgarian territory to take the enemy forces from the rear.
October 1912: After meeting negligible resistance, on October 22, the forces of Prince Constantine of Greece launched an assault against the Ottoman fortifications of the Sarantaporo pass, overcoming them after a day of hard fighting.
1.5.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
October 1913: Establishment of the Republic of Central Albania, a short-lived unrecognised state with its administrative centre in Durrës.
October 1913: Under British pressure, the Bulgaria and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of Eastern Thrace and recognized Western Thrace as part of Bulgaria. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, and the area was returned by Bulgaria.
2.1.Bulgarian Offensive in Greece
Was a Bulgarian military offensive in Greece during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: The Greeks captured Dojran on 5 July.
June 1913: On the Bulgarian right, Greek Evzones (light infantry) captured Gevgelija and the heights of Matsikovo.
July 1913: On 19 July the Greeks captured Nevrokop.
June 1913: Bulgarian troops moved up to positions between Kilkis and the Struma River.
June 1913: The Bulgarian forces were forced to withdraw from their positions north of Thessaloniki (except the isolated battalion stationed in the city itself which was quickly overrun) to defensive positions between Kilkis and Struma river.
July 1913: The Greek forces with the support of their navy landed in Kavala.
July 1913: Greek entered Alexandroupoli, cutting off the Bulgarians completely from the Aegean sea.
2.2.Romanian intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was a Romanian military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Romanian cavalry forces entered Vrazhdebna.
July 1913: The Romanians and Serbs linked up at Belogradchik.
July 1913: On the night of 14-15 July, the Danube Army under Prince Ferdinand of Romania crossed into Bulgaria at Oryahovo, Gigen and Nikopol.
July 1913: The Romanian cavalry occupied the port city of Varna.
July 1913: On 18 July, Romanian forces occupied the city of Ferdinand, which is known today as Montana.
July 1913: On 20 July Greek forces occupied Vratsa.
July 1913: On the day of Romania's declaration of War, 80,000 men of the 5th Corps under General Ioan Culcer invaded Dobruja, occupying a front from Tutrakan to Balchik.
2.3.Ottoman intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was an Ottoman military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Edirne is occupied by the Ottomans on 23 July.
August 1913: The Ottoman armies crossed into Bulgarian territory. A cavalry unit advanced on Yambol.
July 1913: Ottoman troops garrisoning Çatalca and Gelibolu reached the Enos-Midia line.
2.4.Serb Offensive (Second Balkan War)
Was a Serb military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
2.5.Greek offensive (Second Balkan War)
Was a Greek military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: The Greek forces continued their march inland into western Thrace and they entered Xanthi.
July 1913: After bitter fighting the Greek side managed to break through the Kresna pass and captured Simitli.
July 1913: Greek conquest of Komotini.
July 1913: The Bulgarian army, under heavy pressure by Greek forces, was forced to abandon Gorna Dzhumaya.
2.6.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
August 1913: The border between Greece and Bulgaria was drawn from the Belasica crest at the mouth of the Mesta river on the Aegean Sea, including large parts of Epirus, Macedonia and Thessaloniki.
August 1913: The Sofia government obtained the Blagoevgrad district and a part of Western Thrace.
August 1913: In 1913, as a result of the Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria ceded southern Dobruja to Romania.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the top of Patarika and followed the watershed between the Vardar and Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian border, except for the Strumica valley which remained in Bulgaria.
August 1913: After the First Balkan War of 1912, territories of Kosovo and north-western Macedonia were internationally recognised as a part of Serbia and northern Metohija as a part of Montenegro at the Treaty of London of May 1913. The final borders were ratified at the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913.
August 1913: The island of Crete was definitively assigned to Greece.
August 1913: After the retreat of both the Bulgarian and Greek armies, an autonomous state was declared in Western Thrace with Ottoman support to prevent Bulgarian rule following the Treaty of Bucharest.
Balkan Wars
