Division of the Mongol Empire
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The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
Chronology
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January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
January 1261: Kublai Khan, a Mongolian emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty, was campaigning against the Song dynasty in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging him for the throne. This sparked a civil war known as the Toluid Civil War for the Mongol Empire.
January 1261: When the Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units in 1260, several territories where de-facto lost to nearby countries.
January 1261: Town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260).
January 1261: Imereti was considered a separate kingdom within the Kingdom of Georgia, to which a cadet branch of the Bagrationi royal family held the crown. This started in 1260 after David VI revolted against Mongolian rule and fled to Abkhazia.
Selected Sources
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
