Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
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Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
Chronology
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September 622: Heraclius threatened Persian communications from the Euphrates valley to Anatolia by marching to Cappadocia. This forced the Persian forces in Anatolia under Shahrbaraz to retreat from the front-lines of Bithynia and Galatia to eastern Anatolia in order to block his access to Iran.
December 622: What followed next is not entirely clear, but Heraclius certainly won a crushing victory over Shahrbaraz in the fall of 622. Thus he saved Anatolia from the Persians.
November 624: Byzantine emperor Heraclius and his army wintered in Caucasian Albania.
January 625: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered Caesarea from the Sassanid Empire before continuing his campaign in the Caucasus region.
January 625: Heraclius left Constantinople to attack the Persian heartland. He advanced along the Araxes River, destroying Persian-held Dvin, the capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan. At Ganzaka, Heraclius met Khosrow's army, then destroyed Adur Gushnasp. His raids went as far as the Gayshawan.
January 626: In 625, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius bypassed Mount Ararat and traveled 200 miles along the Arsanias River to capture the cities of Amida and Martyropolis from the Sassanid Empire.
July 626: The siege of Constantinople by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines.
December 627: With no Persian army left to oppose him, Heraclius' victorious army plundered Dastagird.
March 628: The Persian army rebelled and overthrew Khosrow II, installing his son Kavadh II as his successor. Immediately after ascending to the throne, Kavadh II initiated peace talks with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. Under the terms of the resulting peace treaty, the Byzantines regained all their territories that had been lost, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, and the religious relics that had been taken from Jerusalem.
August 626: The siege of Constantinople in 626 was led by the Sassanid Persian Empire and the Avars, with support from Slavic allies. The Byzantine Empire, under the leadership of Emperor Heraclius, successfully defended the city, securing a crucial victory.
September 627: In mid-September 627, Heraclius invaded the Iranian heartland.
November 628: Joint Byzantine and Göktürk operations were then focused on besieging Tiflis. Khosrow sent 1,000 cavalry under Shahraplakan to reinforce the city, but it nevertheless fell, probably in late 628.
