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Video Summary

Data

Name: zanzibar

Type: Cluster

Start: 1001 AD

End: 1964 AD

Statistics

All Statistics: All Statistics

zanzibar

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The cluster includes all the forms of the country. Zanzibar existed as an independent country during the Middle Ages and again during the XIX century after the partition of the Omani Empire.

The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:

Zanzibar (City-State)

Zanzibar (Portugal)

Sultanate of Zanzibar

Sultanate of Zanzibar (British Protectorate)

People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba

Establishment

January 1001: In the early years of the second millennium AD, Arab and Persian commercial settlements began to spring up on the coast of Tanzania and on the islands in front of it (in particular Zanzibar and Kilwa). The first commercial settlements, with stone buildings (and therefore clearly distinct from those of the Bantu populations of African origin) can be traced back to the 10th century.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. War of the Portuguese Succession

Was a succession crisis caused by the death of the King of Portugal without heirs. The conflict saw two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.

October 1580: Philip II of Spain succeeded in claiming the Portuguese crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.

2. Portuguese Restoration War

Was a revolution organized by the Portuguese nobility and bourgeoisie sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", that ended the Iberian Union.

November 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.

3. Anglo-Zanzibar War

Was a military conflict fought between the United Kingdom and the Zanzibar Sultanate on 27 August 1896. The conflict lasted between 38 and 45 minutes, marking it as the shortest recorded war in history.

August 1896: Death of the pro-British Sultan Ḥamad bin Thuwayni on 25 August 1896 and the subsequent accession to the throne of Sultan Khalid bin Barghash.

August 1896: The Anglo-Zanzibar War lasted 38 minutes and is considered the shortest war in history. The war marked the end of the Sultanate of Zanzibar as a sovereign state and the start of a period of heavy British influence.

4. Zanzibar Revolution

Was a revolution in Zanzibar that led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar and his mainly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population.

January 1964: Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last sultan, was deposed and lost sovereignty over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar, marking the end of the Sultanate.

5. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

January 1451: The zenith of the Kilwa Kisiwani power was reached in the 15th century. In this period the Swahili Coast was dominated by the powerful city-state of Kilwa Kisiwani, which controlled trade along the East African coast. Kilwa Kisiwani expanded to control Malindi, Inhambane and Sofala and the island-states of Mombassa, Pemba, Zanzibar, Mafia, Comoro and parts of of Mozambique.

January 1505: In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire.

January 1651: Hadimu Island state established.

January 1699: Zanzibar became part of Oman in 1698.

October 1856: After the death of the Sultan in 1856, two of his sons, Majid bin Said and Thuwaini bin Said, struggled over the succession, so Zanzibar and Oman were divided into two separate realms. Thuwaini became the Sultan of Muscat and Oman while Majid became the first Sultan of Zanzibar.

January 1857: Tumbatu conquered by Zanzibar.

January 1859: In 1858 Sultan Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, from the old ruling family of the Nabahani, founded the town of Pate on the island of the same name and established an independent sultanate.

January 1862: Malindi was conquered by Sultan Majid of Zanzibar in 1861.

January 1864: Siyu succumbed to Zanzibar's dominance, under Sultan Majid in 1863.

January 1885: In the fall of 1884, Germans started an expedition to East Africa. Carl Peters, Joachim Graf von Pfeil, Karl Ludwig Jühlke and the merchant August Otto traveled to Zanzibar and crossed over to the opposite mainland. In the hinterland of the mainland possessions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, Peters visited local chiefs and presented them with German-language "protection contracts", which he was able to persuade twelve local rulers who did not speak German to sign. In this way, claims to power were acquired in the regions of Usegua, Nguru, Usagara and Ukami. After the letter of protection was issued, Peters founded the limited partnership “Deutsch-Ostafrika Gesellschaft Karl Peters und Genossen” on April 2, 1885, which was entered in the commercial register in Berlin.

June 1885: The Khutu Expedition was led by German explorer Dr. Karl Ludwig von Khutu in German East Africa. The contract signed with Golongo was likely for trade or land acquisition purposes in the Rufiji and Ulanga area.

November 1885: Usaramo-Expedition.

December 1885: Zweite Nyassa-Expedition - second expedition led by German explorer Hermann von Wissmann in 1885. The expedition aimed to establish German control over the regions of Ubena, Uhehe, Magindo, Mahenge, and Matschonde in German East Africa.

January 1886: The Second Kilimanjaro Expedition in 1885 was led by German explorer Hans Meyer and Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller. They successfully reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, on October 6, 1889. This expedition marked the first recorded ascent of the mountain.

February 1886: Sabaki Expedition: First contacts made by the Germans with the Galla ethnic group on the Tana River. From the German's point of view, this was the "acquisition of Giriyama, the Wanika lands, the Galla areas and Ukamba".

October 1886: Territorial change based on available maps.

October 1886: The governments of Great Britain and Germany negotiated a delimitation of their spheres of interest and, on October 29, 1886, agreed on a division of East Africa into zones of interest, whereby Germany was assigned the southern part and Great Britain the northern part (today's Kenya).

May 1887: The Mombasa Sultanate is acquired by the Imperial British East Africa Company.

July 1895: The British government proclaimed a protectorate on Zanzibar, the East Africa Protectorate.

April 1964: After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day.

Disestablishment

January 1964: Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last sultan, was deposed and lost sovereignty over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar, marking the end of the Sultanate.