Aq Qoyunlu

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Was a Muslim Turkoman confederation. It ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman.

Establishment

January 1341: According to the chronicles of the Byzantine Empire, the Aq Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans") Turkoman confederation is established in Anatolia as early as 1340.

September 1341: Territorial change based on available maps.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. Trapezuntine Civil War

Was a series of conflicts fought in the 1340s for the succession of the throne of the Empire of Trebizond.

2. Timurid invasions

Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.

2.1.Timurid invasion Anatolia

Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.

September 1400: In August 1400, the Turko-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane, also known as Timur, attacked and plundered the city of Sebaste, which is now known as Sivas. This event was part of Tamerlane's campaign to expand the Timurid Empire in Anatolia.

January 1401: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.

January 1403: In 1402, the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans, a tribal confederation, gained control of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey after being granted the territory by Timur, a powerful Central Asian ruler. This marked the beginning of Aq Qoyunlu's expansion in the region.

January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.

3. Conquests of Ismail I

Expansion during the rule of Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty.

January 1502: Safavid ruler Ismail went on a conquest campaign, capturing Tabriz in July 1501, where he enthroned himself the Shāh of Azerbaijan. At this point the Safavids controlled Azerbaijan, Shirvan, southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), and Armenia.

January 1503: Erzincan and Erzurum conquered by Safavid dynasty.

January 1504: Safavid conquest of Hamadan.

January 1505: Shiraz and Kerman conquered by Safavid dynasty.

January 1508: Diyarbakir, Najaf, and Karbala conquered by Safavid dynasty.

January 1509: The last prince of the White Sheep Turcomans, Murad, was defeated by Safavid ruler Ismail.

4. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

January 1354: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area under mamluk control 1353-1378.

January 1381: The Beylik of Erzincan declared independence.

January 1430: Sacking of Edessa by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1429. Edessa was a city in modern-day Turkey.

February 1430: End of the Mamluk sack of Edessa.

January 1434: The second expedition was led by Timur, a Turco-Mongol conqueror, against the Aq Qoyonlu, a tribal federation in Anatolia. Amid, also known as Diyarbakir, was their capital city. The territory eventually fell under the control of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1433.

February 1434: In 1434, Timurid ruler Shah Rukh led a military campaign against the Aq Qoyunlu tribe, targeting their capital city of Amid. The Aq Qoyunlu were a Turkoman tribal confederation that ruled over parts of present-day Iran, Iraq, and Turkey during the 15th century.

January 1451: The Aq Qoyunlu conquered Hakkâri.

December 1467: Uzun Hasan defeated the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh in 1467.

December 1467: After the defeat of Jahan Shah, the Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id Mirza helped Jahan Shah's son by taking control of Baghdad and territories around the Persian Gulf in 1467.

February 1469: Uzun Hasan then ambushed and captured Abu Sa'id at the Battle of Qarabagh.

January 1474: Aq Qoyunlu expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan.

January 1480: Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, the Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, ravaged the land around Erzurum, reducing the city to tributary status.

February 1480: The forces of Samtskhe-Saatabago leave Erzurum after a raid.

January 1491: In 1473 Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire defeated Uzun Hasan of Akkoyunlu Turcoman Empire. During the chaos, Sevindik Bey of Afshar tribe emerged as the new sovereign of the area in 1480s.

January 1496: During the collapse of Aq Qoyunlu, Hüseyin Bey, one of the lords from the Principality of Eğil, conquered the fortress of Palu in 1495. He established his own principality.

January 1496: After the decline of the Ak Koyunlu, the Rojaki princes asserted their independence.

January 1500: The Emirate of Pazuki, was a Kurdish emirate that ruled around Hınıs, Erciş, Malazgirt, Doğubayazıt, and Nakhchivan, with its capital in Eleskirt.

January 1501: From 1500, Kuwait was under the influence of the Kingdom of Hormuz for two centuries.