Zubayrid Caliphate
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Was a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until 692, during the second Fitna (680-692).
Establishment
November 683: With the demise of Yazid and the withdrawal of Syrian troops, Ibn al-Zubayr was now de facto ruler of the Hejaz and the rest of Arabia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate where other regional dynasties challenged the Umayyads.
April 684: Soon afterwards, he was recognized in Egypt, as well as in Iraq where the Umayyad governor Ibn Ziyad had been expelled by the tribal nobility (ashraf). Coins bearing Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in parts of southern Persia (Fars and Kirman).
August 684: Battle of Marj Rahit: The victory consolidated the position of the Umayyads over Syria, paving the way for their eventual victory in the civil war against Ibn al-Zubayr.
January 685: Marwan and his son Abd al-Aziz expelled the Zubayrid governor of Egypt with the help of local tribes.
November 685: In October 685, Mukhtar and his supporters, a significant number of whom consisted of local, non-Arab converts (mawali), overthrew Ibn al-Zubayr's governor and seized control of Kufa. His control extended to most of Iraq and parts of north-western Iran.
November 686: Battles of Madhar and Harura: Mus'ab (Zubayrid Caliphate) besieged and killed Mukhtar in Kufa, sanctioned the killing of thousands of his sympathizers in the city, and annexed Kufa and its dependencies, i.e. the Sawad (Lower Mesopotamia) and Jibal (northwestern Iran).
October 691: Battle of Maskin: Umayyads' victory and recapture of Iraq.
April 692: Mecca is besieged by the Umayyad Caliphate.
December 692: The city was bombarded with catapults and supplies were cut off, resulting in large scale desertions by the followers of Ibn al-Zubayr. He was killed along with his few remaining supporters in October 692. The siege brought an end to the decade-long civil war and the Caliphate was united under Abd al-Malik.
Disestablishment
April 692: Mecca is besieged by the Umayyad Caliphate.
December 692: The city was bombarded with catapults and supplies were cut off, resulting in large scale desertions by the followers of Ibn al-Zubayr. He was killed along with his few remaining supporters in October 692. The siege brought an end to the decade-long civil war and the Caliphate was united under Abd al-Malik.
