Mongol Civil Wars
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Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
Chronology
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Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
August 1264: Ariq Böke surrendered to Yuan ruler Kublai Khan in Shangdu.
January 1262: Chagatai ruler Alghu defeated Ariq Böke's commander Khara Bukha at the Ili River in Xinjiang, but lost his headquarters in Almalikh to Ariq Böke.
1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1261: Kublai Khan, a Mongolian emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty, was campaigning against the Song dynasty in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging him for the throne. This sparked a civil war known as the Toluid Civil War for the Mongol Empire.
January 1261: When the Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units in 1260, several territories where de-facto lost to nearby countries.
January 1261: Town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260).
January 1261: Imereti was considered a separate kingdom within the Kingdom of Georgia, to which a cadet branch of the Bagrationi royal family held the crown. This started in 1260 after David VI revolted against Mongolian rule and fled to Abkhazia.
January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, that took place mainly in the Caucasus, a border area between the two states.
February 1263: After Ilkhan Hulegu was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River, his army left the area.
January 1263: Ilkhan Hulegu marched northwards through the pass of Derbend. On the banks of the Terek, he was ambushed by an army of the Golden Horde under Nogai, and his army was defeated at the Battle of the Terek River.
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1277: Kublai's son Nomukhan and generals occupied Almaliq in 1266-1276.
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1316: In 1315, the territory of Issyk Kul and Talas was plundered by the forces of the Yuan Dynasty, led by the Mongol ruler Kaidu. Kaidu's winter quarters and summer residence were targeted during the raid.
February 1316: The Yuan army crushed Esen Buqa's resistance.
February 1316: In 1316, the Chagatai Khanate plundered the Yuan winter quarters on the Issyk Kul as well as their summer residence in Talas.
January 1316: The invasion of the Ilkhanate was initially successful. Kebek and Yasa'ur defeated Öljaitü's army at the Murgab River and advanced to Herat.
Selected Sources
Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164
