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Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
Chronology
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Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
April 1918: The Baku Commune lasted from 13 April to 25 July 1918. It came to power after the bloody confrontation with the Muslim population, known as the March Days in Baku.
May 1918: The Azerbaijani National Council undertook parliamentary functions and proclaimed the foundation of the "Azerbaijani Democratic Republic" and declared the National Charter.
August 1918: The Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan was a British-controlled anti-communist short-lived state founded in the Lankaran region on August 1, 1918.
January 1919: Named after the Aras River that formed its southern border, the Republic of Aras was declared in December 1918 by Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski.
May 1919: The Extraordinary Congress of the "Councils of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies" of Lankaran district proclaimed the Mughan Soviet Republic.
June 1919: The existence of the Republic of Aras was ended when troops from the First Republic of Armenia advanced into the region and succeeded in taking control over it in mid-June 1919 during the Aras War.
July 1919: The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919.
October 1919: The North Caucasian Emirate was a mainly Avar and Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the Russian Civil War from September 1919.
December 1919: Following the German defeat in the First World War, British occupation forces arrived in Georgia, with the permission of the Georgian government.
April 1920: The Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.
January 1921: British-held Batumi remained out of Georgia's control until 1920.
July 1921: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was captured by Soviet Russian forces in 1921, who transformed it into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
April 1920: Creation of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
April 1921: The Republic of Mountainous Armenia was established by a military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies with the support of local guerrilla forces, following the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921.
August 1920: On 14 April 1919, the governor disbanded the council and left the city of Batumi in July 1920, ceding the entire region to Georgia.
November 1920: Since the fall of the Armenian Republic, Georgia had taken de facto control of the "lori neutral zone" in joint control with armenia since the armenian-georgian war. Georgia had taken over the Lori "neutral zone" in a disputed Armeno-Georgian borderland on the pretext of defending the district and approaches to Tiflis in October 1920, in the course of the Turkish-Armenian War.
July 1921: After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia.
July 1918: The Centrocaspian Dictatorship was a short-lived anti-Soviet administration proclaimed in the city of Baku during World War I. It replaced the Bolshevik Baku Commune in a bloodless coup d'état on July 26, 1918.
June 1920: Vladimir Lenin’s desire to keep peace with Georgia at that time and eventual military failures of the rebels forced the Bolsheviks to distance themselves from the Ossetian struggle. The Georgian People's Guard under Valiko Jugheli crushed the revolt with great violence.
September 1918: Ottoman-Azeri forces captured Baku.
April 1917: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus broke away from the Russian Empire during the February Revolution, shortly before the start of the Russian Civil War.
August 1920: The Treaty of Sèvres was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and the Ottoman Empire at Sèvres, France on August 10, 1920. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. De facto Armenia never took control of all the regions populated by Armenians.
April 1918: By April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation, Akaki Chkhenkeli, accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and urged the Transcaucasian governments to accept this position. The mood in Tbilisi, however, was very different. Instead of being bound by the terms of Brest-Litovsk, the Sejm gathered and made the decision to establish independence. On April 22, 1918, it proclaimed the establishment of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
May 1920: On May 8, the Ossetians declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. A Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and helped the local rebels to defeat a Georgian force in the Java district. The rebellious areas were effectively incorporated into Soviet Russia.
April 1920: By January 1920, the military and economic situation in the North Caucasian Emirate had begun to deteriorate and Uzun Haji consented to the entry of the emirate into the Russian SFSR with promises of autonomy. He soon died but the existence of the state led to the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
1.1.Sochi conflict
Was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.
1.2.Georgian-Armenian War
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
1.3.Armenian-Azerbaijani War
Was a conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan during the Russian Civil War.
1.4.Red Army invasion of Georgia and Armenia
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
December 1920: Capture of Yerevan and Echmiadzin by Bolshevik forces.
February 1921: The triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi.
March 1921: Sukhumi conquered by russia.
March 1921: Surami conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, during the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze ordered the advance eastward to occupy Zugdidi, a key town in western Georgia.
March 1921: On 10 March Soviet forces entered Kutaisi.
February 1921: By 17 February, Soviet infantry and cavalry divisions supported by aircraft were less than 15 kilometers northeast of Tbilisi.
February 1921: On the night of 11-12 February 1921, at Ordzhonikidze's instigation, Bolsheviks attacked local Georgian military posts in the predominantly ethnic Armenian district of Lori and the nearby village of Shulaveri.
December 1920: The Soviets took control of Armenia, which ceased to exist as an independent state. The regions given to Armenia by the treaty of Sevres remained to Turkey.
March 1921: Poti conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, New Athos was taken over by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 3 March.
March 1921: Soviet forces joined by Abkhaz peasant militias, the Kyaraz, succeeded in taking Gagra.
1.5.February Uprising
13 february - 2 april 1921: an anti-Bolshevik rebellion by the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
1.6.August Uprising
An unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Russian Far East during the Russian Civil War.
March 1922: Korobeinikov's "Yakut People's Army," armed with six machine guns, took the major town of Yakutsk.
February 1918: The Provisional Siberian Government (later the Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia), was an ephemeral government for Siberia created by the White movement.
January 1920: The Zemstvo of Maritime Territory was a local government that existed in the eastern part of Russia during the Russian Civil War between 31 January and 28 October 1920.
May 1921: Right-wing forces rejected the idea of a fledgling democratic republic. On 26 May 1921 a White coup took place in Vladivostok, backed by Japanese occupying forces. A cordon sanitaire of Japanese troops protected the insurgents, who sought to establish a new régime known as the Provisional Government of the Priamur.
July 1921: Gradually the enclave of Priamur was expanded to Khabarovsk and then Spassk, 201 km north of Vladivostok.
September 1922: In summer 1922, the Whites were ousted from Yakutsk and withdrew to the Pacific coast.
November 1922: With the Civil War finally over, Soviet Russia absorbed the Far Eastern Republic.
December 1922: When the Soviet Union was formed on 30 December 1922, the only Russian territory still controlled by the White Movement was the region of the Pepelyayevshchina ("пепеляевщина"), that is, Ayan, Okhotsk, and Nelkan.
July 1924: The Tungus Republic was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state covering mostly Okhotsk region and the eastern regions of the Yakut ASSR from July 1924 to May 1925.
May 1925: The Tungus Republic was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state covering mostly Okhotsk region and the eastern regions of the Yakut ASSR from July 1924 to May 1925.
April 1920: The State of Buryat-Mongolia de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic.
April 1917: The State of Buryat-Mongolia was established according to the decision of the first All-Buryat congress.
September 1918: From June to August 1918, Komuch's influence spread from Samara into the provinces of Simbirsk, Kazan, Ufa and Saratov.
October 1922: When the Japanese withdrew, the Soviet army of the Far Eastern Republic retook the territory.The army of the Far Eastern Republic retook Vladivostok on 25 October 1922, effectively bringing the Russian Civil War to a close.
November 1919: Omsk was conquered by the Reds.
April 1920: The Far Eastern Republic was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 in the Russian Far East.
April 1922: Korobeinikov's "Yakut People's Army," armed with six machine guns, took the major town of Yakutsk.
November 1918: The Provisional All-Russian Government (PA-RG) was a short-lived government (1918-1920) centred in Omsk in Siberia during the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922.
April 1920: When the Japanese evacuated the Trans-Baikal and Amur oblasts in the spring of 1920, a political vacuum resulted. The Far Eastern Republic was established comprising only the area around Verkhne-Udinsk.
January 1926: Japan retained the northern half of Sakhalin Island until 1925, ostensibly as compensation for the massacre of about 700 civilians and soldiers at the Japanese garrison at Nikolaevsk-na-Amure in January 1920.
November 1918: Samara falls to the Provisional All-Russian Government.
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Kuban Region during the Russian Civil War.
May 1917: After the February Revolution, in April 1917 the Kuban Rada, proclaimed itself as the supreme administration of the Kuban Oblast.
January 1918: After the October Revolution, the Rada fought against Soviet rule, and proclaimed the Kuban People's Republic with its capital in Yekaterinodar.
Was the secession of Bashkurdistan during the Russian Civil War.
November 1917: A national-territorial autonomy proclaimed on November 15 1917 by the Bashkir regional Shuro and approved by the Constituent Congress of Bashkurdistan.
March 1919: Remnant territories of Bashkurdistan occupied by Provisional All-Russian Government.
Were a series of revolts and secessions in central Asia during the Russian Civil War.
December 1917: The Alash Autonomy was a short- lived Kazakh state that existed from December 13, 1917.
February 1918: The Turkestan Autonomy existed until 22 February 1918. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of Konstantin Osipov arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only 3 months after its creation.
January 1919: Turkish forces withdrew from the Arabian Peninsula in 1918.
January 1923: In 1922 the Altai Republic was annexed by the Bolsheviks.
August 1920: In 1919-20 the Bolsheviks defeated the White Russian forces and occupied Kazakhstan. On August 26, 1920, the Soviet government established the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
January 1918: During the Russian Civil War, the Confederated Republic of Altai was established in 1917, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan's Mongol Empire.
November 1917: Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an unrecognized state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917.
January 1922: A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921.
February 1920: The Altai Republic was annexed back into Russia.
Were a series of revolts and secessions in Crimea during the Russian Civil War.
March 1918: The Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic existed from 19 March to 30 April 1918 and was recognised by the Russian SFSR.
April 1918: With the assistance of the German Empire, the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic was quickly overrun by forces of Ukraine. By the end of April 1918, the majority of the CEC and the Council of People's Commissars, including council leader Anton Slutsky and local Bolshevik chief Jan Tarwacki, were arrested and shot in Alushta by insurgent Crimean Tatars. On 30 April, the Republic was abolished.
January 1918: The Bolsheviks captured Simferopol.
January 1918: By the end of January 1918, the Bolsheviks had captured the whole of Crimea and dissolved both the Qurultay as well as the Council of National Representatives.
December 1917: The Bolsheviks captured Sevastopol.
December 1917: The Crimean People's Republic existed from December 1917 to January 1918 in the Crimean Peninsula.
Was the secession of the Idel-Ural State, a short-lived Tatar republic located in Kazan, during the Russian Civil War.
March 1918: The Idel-Ural State, which included only some sections of Kazan, was defeated by the Red Army.
March 1918: The Idel-Ural State was a short-lived Tatar republic located in Kazan that claimed to unite Tatars, Bashkirs, Volga Germans, and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War.
The Don Republic was an anti-Bolshevik republic formed by the Armed Forces of South Russia on the territory of the Don Cossacks, during the Russian Civil War.
May 1918: The assembly of the Don Cossacks - the Krug - proclaimed the independence of the Don Republic.
January 1921: The Don Republic ceased to exist after the Don Cossacks, who formed an essential part of the White Army, were defeated by the Red Army in the Russian Civil War.
Was the creation of the small Republi of Perloja, in Lithuania, during the Russian Civil War.
January 1924: In 1923, Perloja was divided along the Merkys River, leaving one bank to Lithuania and another to the Second Polish Republic.
December 1918: In November 1918, the locals of Perloja established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja (Perlojos respublika), chaired by Jonas Česnulevičius, veteran of the Imperial Russian Army.
Was the secession of the Republic of Uhtua, in Karelia, during the Russian Civil War.
July 1919: The Republic of Uhtua took shape on 21 July 1919, together with the establishment of the Provisional Government of White Karelia.
May 1920: The Red Army went to Uhtua and disestablished the republic.
Was the secession of the Olonets Government of Southern Karelia, a short-lived state that existed in 1920 in South Karelia, modern-day Finland, during the Russian Civil War.
June 1920: The Olonets Government of Southern Karelia was a short-lived state that existed in 1920 in South Karelia, modern-day Finland. The government formed in Olonets in May 1920.
September 1920: The territories of the Olonets Government of Southern Karelia were captured by the Red Army.
Was a conflict between Finland and the Russian SFSR during the Russian Civil War.
December 1921: In November and December 1921, the Finnish troops reoccupied part of the regions of Karelia, which began the Soviet-Finnish conflict.
February 1922: In early February 1922 the Center Committee Karelian village of Uhtua was re-occupied by the Red Army.
Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
