Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
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Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
Chronology
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April 1918: The Baku Commune lasted from 13 April to 25 July 1918. It came to power after the bloody confrontation with the Muslim population, known as the March Days in Baku.
May 1918: The Azerbaijani National Council undertook parliamentary functions and proclaimed the foundation of the "Azerbaijani Democratic Republic" and declared the National Charter.
August 1918: The Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan was a British-controlled anti-communist short-lived state founded in the Lankaran region on August 1, 1918.
January 1919: Named after the Aras River that formed its southern border, the Republic of Aras was declared in December 1918 by Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski.
May 1919: The Extraordinary Congress of the "Councils of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies" of Lankaran district proclaimed the Mughan Soviet Republic.
June 1919: The existence of the Republic of Aras was ended when troops from the First Republic of Armenia advanced into the region and succeeded in taking control over it in mid-June 1919 during the Aras War.
July 1919: The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919.
October 1919: The North Caucasian Emirate was a mainly Avar and Chechen Islamic state that existed in the territory of Chechnya and western Dagestan during the Russian Civil War from September 1919.
December 1919: Following the German defeat in the First World War, British occupation forces arrived in Georgia, with the permission of the Georgian government.
April 1920: The Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.
January 1921: British-held Batumi remained out of Georgia's control until 1920.
July 1921: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was captured by Soviet Russian forces in 1921, who transformed it into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
April 1920: Creation of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
April 1921: The Republic of Mountainous Armenia was established by a military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies with the support of local guerrilla forces, following the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921.
August 1920: On 14 April 1919, the governor disbanded the council and left the city of Batumi in July 1920, ceding the entire region to Georgia.
November 1920: Since the fall of the Armenian Republic, Georgia had taken de facto control of the "lori neutral zone" in joint control with armenia since the armenian-georgian war. Georgia had taken over the Lori "neutral zone" in a disputed Armeno-Georgian borderland on the pretext of defending the district and approaches to Tiflis in October 1920, in the course of the Turkish-Armenian War.
July 1921: After months of fierce battles with the Red Army, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia capitulated in July 1921 following Soviet Russia's promises to keep the mountainous region as a part of Soviet Armenia.
July 1918: The Centrocaspian Dictatorship was a short-lived anti-Soviet administration proclaimed in the city of Baku during World War I. It replaced the Bolshevik Baku Commune in a bloodless coup d'état on July 26, 1918.
June 1920: Vladimir Lenin’s desire to keep peace with Georgia at that time and eventual military failures of the rebels forced the Bolsheviks to distance themselves from the Ossetian struggle. The Georgian People's Guard under Valiko Jugheli crushed the revolt with great violence.
September 1918: Ottoman-Azeri forces captured Baku.
April 1917: The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus broke away from the Russian Empire during the February Revolution, shortly before the start of the Russian Civil War.
August 1920: The Treaty of Sèvres was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and the Ottoman Empire at Sèvres, France on August 10, 1920. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. De facto Armenia never took control of all the regions populated by Armenians.
April 1918: By April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation, Akaki Chkhenkeli, accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and urged the Transcaucasian governments to accept this position. The mood in Tbilisi, however, was very different. Instead of being bound by the terms of Brest-Litovsk, the Sejm gathered and made the decision to establish independence. On April 22, 1918, it proclaimed the establishment of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
May 1920: On May 8, the Ossetians declared a Soviet republic in the Roki area on the Russian-Georgian border. A Bolshevik force from Vladikavkaz crossed into Georgia and helped the local rebels to defeat a Georgian force in the Java district. The rebellious areas were effectively incorporated into Soviet Russia.
April 1920: By January 1920, the military and economic situation in the North Caucasian Emirate had begun to deteriorate and Uzun Haji consented to the entry of the emirate into the Russian SFSR with promises of autonomy. He soon died but the existence of the state led to the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Was a three-party border conflict which involved the counterrevolutionary White Russian forces, Bolshevik Red Army and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, each of which sought control over the Black Sea town of Sochi.
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
Was a conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan during the Russian Civil War.
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
December 1920: Capture of Yerevan and Echmiadzin by Bolshevik forces.
February 1921: The triumphant Red Army entered Tbilisi.
March 1921: Sukhumi conquered by russia.
March 1921: Surami conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, during the Red Army invasion of Georgia, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze ordered the advance eastward to occupy Zugdidi, a key town in western Georgia.
March 1921: On 10 March Soviet forces entered Kutaisi.
February 1921: By 17 February, Soviet infantry and cavalry divisions supported by aircraft were less than 15 kilometers northeast of Tbilisi.
February 1921: On the night of 11-12 February 1921, at Ordzhonikidze's instigation, Bolsheviks attacked local Georgian military posts in the predominantly ethnic Armenian district of Lori and the nearby village of Shulaveri.
December 1920: The Soviets took control of Armenia, which ceased to exist as an independent state. The regions given to Armenia by the treaty of Sevres remained to Turkey.
March 1921: Poti conquered by russia.
March 1921: In 1921, New Athos was taken over by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 3 March.
March 1921: Soviet forces joined by Abkhaz peasant militias, the Kyaraz, succeeded in taking Gagra.
13 february - 2 april 1921: an anti-Bolshevik rebellion by the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
An unsuccessful insurrection against Soviet rule in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
