Ottoman-Mamluk Wars
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Were two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt that ended with the annexion of the latter by the Ottomans.
Chronology
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The Ottoman-Mamluk war took place from 1485 to 1491, when the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate territories of Anatolia and Syria.
June 1491: A treaty was signed by the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire which fixed their mutual border at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains.
February 1491: In 1491, the Karamanids, led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, were besieging Kayseri. The Ottoman Empire sent a relief army, prompting the Karamanids to retreat back to Cilicia. Ahmed Pasha was a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire at the time.
March 1485: In 1485, the Ottoman army, led by Karagöz Mehmed and Hersekzade Ahmed, suffered a defeat before Adana against the Ramadanid Emirate (Mamluk). As a result, Cilicia was once again under Mamluk control.
June 1488: The Ottoman army, led by Sultan Bayezid II, secured control of Cilicia, including Adana, in 1488. This military occupation marked the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the region, consolidating their power in Anatolia.
August 1488: The Mamluk and Ottoman armies met at Ağaçarıyı near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks.
December 1488: The Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months.
January 1491: In 1490, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, led by Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri, launched an offensive campaign into Karaman and besieged the city of Kayseri, located in modern-day Turkey. The Mamluks were successful in capturing the territory during this military campaign.
February 1485: The Ottoman forces, led by Sultan Bayezid II, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes in Adana, Cilicia in 1485. The military occupation of the territory by the Ottomans marked their expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
Was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1516: Ottoman conquest of Syria.
October 1516: Battle of Yaunis Khan.
January 1517: The Battle of Ridaniya in 1517 saw the Ottoman commander Hadım Sinan Pasha lose his life at the doorstep of Cairo. Following this, the Ottomans captured and sacked Cairo, solidifying their control over Egypt.
April 1517: The last Mamluk sulatn Tuman Bay was finally captured by the Ottomans and hanged at the gate of Cairo. As a consequence the Sharif of Mecca also submitted to the Ottomans, placing the holy cities of Mecca and Medina under Ottoman rule.
