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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Khmer Empire
Kingdom of Cambodia (Post-Angkor period)
Kingdom of Cambodia (Siam)
Kingdom of Cambodia (Siam and Vietnam Vassal)
Cambodia (France)
Kingdom of Kampuchea (Japan)
Kingdom of Kampuchea
Kingdom of Cambodia
Khmer Republic
Kampuchea
Democratic Kampuchea
People's Republic of Kampuchea
State of Cambodia
Establishment
January 701: Chenla King Içanavarman I extended Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya Valley in the 7th century.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a border conflict between the Ayutthaya Kingdom (present-day Thailand) and the Lan Na Kingdom (in northern Thailand).
January 1432: After a seven-month siege, King Borommarachathirat II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom captured Angkor.
January 1433: After being captured by the Siamese army led by King Borommaracha II, the Khmer King Ponhea Yat managed to retake the city of Angkor in 1432.
Was a military conflict fought between the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cambodia. The war began in 1591 when Ayutthaya invaded Cambodia in response to continuous raids into their territory.
January 1592: Longvek was the capital of Cambodia during the Post-Angkor period. The siege in 1591 was led by King Naresuan of Siam against King Satha of Cambodia. The Thais were eventually forced to retreat due to logistical issues and Cambodian counterattacks.
January 1592: In 1591, Pursat and Battambang were captured by the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
January 1592: The Longvek citadel, located in present-day Cambodia, was besieged in 1591 by the Ayutthaya Kingdom under the leadership of King Naresuan. The military occupation of Longvek marked a significant event in the conflict between Ayutthaya and the Khmer Empire.
January 1594: Siam captures the Cambodian capital of Longvek.
February 1594: Following the Siam capture of the capital at Longvek, Cambodian royals were taken hostage and relocated at the court of Ayutthaya, kept under permanent Siamese influence.
Were a series of armed conflicts between the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom and Rattanakosin Kingdom and the various dynasties of Vietnam mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
3.1.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-34)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
3.1.1.Siamese Invasion
Was a large-scale Siamese invasion of Vietnam during the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834) and the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-1845).
November 1840: Bodindecha was a Siamese nobleman and military commander who negotiated the peaceful surrender of Pursat in 1840 with the military commander of the territory. This event marked the transfer of control of Pursat to Siam through military occupation.
November 1840: The Siamese were able to take Kampong Svay.
November 1840: Trương Minh Giảng retook Kampong Svay.
November 1841: The Vietnamese retreated in front of the invadinf Siamese forces, leaving Cambodia in Siamese hands. Vietnamese Viceroy Trương Minh Giảng evacuated Phnom Penh and committed suicide.
3.2.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-45)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
January 1846: After four years of attritious struggle, Siam and Vietnam agreed to a compromise peace and placed Cambodia under joint rule.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
4.1.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
4.1.1.Second Sino-Japanese War
Was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.
4.1.1.1.Japanese invasion of French Indochina
Was the Japanese invasion and occupation of French Indochina.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
October 1945: The French were able to reimpose the colonial administration in Phnom Penh.
4.1.1.1.1.Japanese coup d'etat
Was the creation of the Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan during World War II.
March 1945: The young King Norodom Sihanouk proclaimed an independent Kingdom of Kampuchea.
Was an armed conflict between Democratic Kampuchea, controlled by the Khmer Rouge, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
5.1.Minor Invasions (Cambodian-Vietnamese War)
Minor territorial invasions during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War of 1978-1989.
April 1977: In 1977, Cambodian troops led by the Khmer Rouge crossed into Vietnam and attacked the province of An Giang and the city of Chau Doc.
May 1977: The Vietnamese People's Army (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam or EPV) responded by massing troops on the Cambodian border, and in early May, three Vietnamese divisions crossed the border between Cambodia and Laos, penetrating 16 km into Ratanakiri province.
May 1977: The Khmer Rouge leave An Giang and the city of Chau Doc.
June 1977: Vietnamese forces leave the Ratanakiri province.
September 1977: Six Cambodian divisions trespassed ten kilometers into Tay Ninh province.
September 1977: One Vietnamese division pushed as far as the town of Mimot.
September 1977: Vietnamese forces crossed for 20 km into Cambodian territory.
September 1977: A Vietnamese division supported by armor and aviation retook lost ground in Tay Ninh province.
November 1977: A Cambodian counter-offensive drove the Vietnamese back across the border.
January 1978: The main Cambodian units deployed east of the Mekong were routed with heavy losses.
January 1978: The advancing Vietnamese units were located only 38 km from the outskirts of Phnom Penh.
February 1978: A large part of the Vietnamese occupied territory was liberated by the Cambodian departments by early February.
April 1978: The two Cambodian divisions were under the command of the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. The massacre at Ba Chúc was part of the ongoing conflict between Cambodia and Vietnam, stemming from border disputes and political tensions between the two countries.
May 1978: The two Cambodian divisions were part of the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot. The massacre in Ba Chúc was part of the ongoing conflict between Cambodia and Vietnam, which eventually led to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978.
June 1978: Vietnamese occupation of Suong and Prey Veng.
July 1978: In June, after repeated airstrikes that resulted in several Cambodian casualties, a Vietnamese combat group re-invaded eastern Cambodia and took the towns of Suong and Prey Veng by the end of the month.
5.2.Vietnamese Full Scale Invasion of Cambodia
On 25 December 1978, Vietnam launched a full-scale invasion of Kampuchea (Cambodia), and subsequently occupied the country and removed the Khmer Rouge from power.
December 1978: The columns of the People's Army of Vietnam (EPV) invested the city of Takeo.
December 1978: On December 25, 1978, the Vietnamese People's Army, led by General Van Tien Dung, launched a decisive push to capture the territory of Kratie in Cambodia. The military operation involved 150,000 troops supported by artillery and aerial bombardment, resulting in the successful occupation of Kratie.
January 1979: Stung Treng fell to the Vietnamese.
January 1979: In 1979, during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, Kampong Cham's last defenders, led by Lon Nol and Pol Pot, were defeated by the Vietnamese military. This marked the beginning of Vietnam's military occupation of the territory.
January 1979: Vietnamese artillery opened fire on the capital, which was promptly abandoned by the Cambodians: on January 7, the Vietnamese entered the abandoned city.
January 1979: In 1979, during the Cambodian-Vietnamese War, Kampot was captured by Vietnamese forces after two weeks of fighting and an amphibious landing of Vietnamese marines. The city fell under the military occupation of Vietnam.
January 1979: With the approval of the Vietnamese, FUNSK proclaimed the birth of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
January 1979: The Vietnamese pushed overland to Kampong Som.
January 1979: An amphibious operation led to the capture of Ream and nearby islands on January 11, 1979.
January 1979: An armored column of the EPV occupied Siem Reap, the main center of western Cambodia, on 11 January 1979.
January 1979: The border with Thailand was reached by the advancing forces of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.
January 1979: On the coast, an amphibious landing by Vietnamese marines led to the occupation of Koh Kong.
April 1979: In March 1979, the Vietnamese moved some Laotian units to garrison Stung Treng and airlifted three divisions to western Cambodia for a massive sweep of the main Khmer Rouge refuges: for two months there was hard fighting near Pailin, Poipet and in the northern area of the Cardamom mountains, but although the Vietnamese inflicted heavy losses on their opponents, the guerrillas were not eradicated.
September 1989: The Hanoi government officially announced its complete withdrawal from Cambodia.
January 801: Pan Pan was a city in the Srivijaya Empire, a powerful maritime and commercial kingdom in Southeast Asia. Tambralinga was a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula. Srivijaya Empire was ruled by King Balaputra.
January 801: Hariphunchai was a state founded at an uncertain date between the 7th and 8th centuries by the Mon in the territory of today's Northern Thailand. It took its name from its capital, Hariphunchai, the ancient name of today's Lamphun.
January 801: The city of Indrapura on the Mekong River was temporarily controlled by the Srivijaya Empire in the early 8th century.
January 803: However author Michael Vickery asserts that these categories of Water and Land Chenla created by the Chinese are misleading and meaningless because the best evidence shows that until 802 AD, there was no single, great state in the land of ancient Cambodia, but a number of smaller ones. Individually, historians reject a classical decline scenario, arguing there was no Chenla to begin with, rather a geographic region had been subject to prolonged periods of contested rule, with turbulent successions and an obvious incapability to establish a lasting centre of gravity. Historiography discontinues this era of nameless upheaval only in the year 802, when Jayavarman II establishes the appropriately named Khmer Empire.
January 851: The city of Indrapura on the Mekong River was temporarily controlled by the Srivijaya Empire in the early 8th century.
January 851: In 850, in southern Vietnam/Cambodia, the Khmer King Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire dynasty, broke away from the Srivijayan Empire's influence. This marked the beginning of the Khmer Empire's independence and rise to power in the region.
January 902: The Malay prince was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath. The son of the couple contested for the Khmer throne and became Suryavarman I, thus bringing Lavo under Khmer domination through personal union. Suryavarman I also expanded into Isan, constructing many temples.
January 904: According to a legend in the Northern Chronicles, in 903, a king of Tambralinga invaded and took Lavo and installed a Malay prince to the Lavo throne.
January 1001: Towards the 11th century, the emerging Khmer Empire extended its influence north to conquer Vientiane, as confirmed by Khmer inscriptions found in the central Wat Simuang temple.
January 1151: Under Suryavarman II, in power from 1113 to 1150: in the east the Khmer Empire annexed several provinces of Champā, in the south the Khmer invested the Malay Peninsula.
January 1178: In 1177, the Khmer Empire, under the rule of King Jayavarman VII, annexed the Kingdom of Champa.
January 1181: The Kingdom of Chiang Hung was a state founded in 1180 by King Pagna Jueang in today's Chinese prefecture of Xishuangbanna, in southern Yunnan. It was named after the capital, today's Jinghong.
January 1182: The Kingdom of Champa reverst to an independent kingdom.
January 1191: According to inscriptions, in 1190, Jayavarman VII conquered Champa and made it a dependency of the Khmer Empire for 30 years.
January 1212: Sithu II formally founded the Palace Guards in 1174, the first extant record of a standing army, and pursued an expansionist policy. Over his 27-year reign, Pagan's influence reached further south to the Strait of Malacca.
January 1221: According to inscriptions, in 1190, Jayavarman VII conquered Champa and made it a dependency of the Khmer Empire for 30 years.
January 1239: Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao was a local mueang chief who led a group of Central Thai peoples in rebelling against the governor at Sukhodaya in 1238. This led to the establishment of Sukhothai as an independent Thai state.
January 1244: The state of Kengtung was founded in 1243 by a prince named Mang Kun.
January 1258: King Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom to include bordering cities, leading to the Sukhothai Kingdom covering the entire upper valley of the Chao Phraya River by the end of his reign in 1257.
January 1299: Ban Mueang and Ram Khamhaeng the Great expanded Sukhothai beyond the borders established by their father. They conquered the Mandala kingdoms of Suvarnabhumi and Tambralinga.
January 1301: By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled most of present-day Thailand.
January 1351: King Uthong and King Ramathibodi I founded Ayutthaya in 1350. King Uthong was the first king of Ayutthaya, while King Ramathibodi I was the founder of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. They named the city after Ayodhya, a sacred city in India.
January 1354: It was in the fourteenth century that Prince Fa Ngum, a native of Xieng Dong-Xieng Thong, undertook to unify Laos. Driven out at a very young age by his father, educated by the Khmers in Angkor, he returned as a conqueror to his hometown, having annexed two other provinces in the process, constituting for the first time in the history of the region a united Laotian territory.
January 1401: The Ayutthaya Kingdom conquered large portions of the Khmer Empire.
January 1432: Sack of Angkor by the Thais, who vassalize the kingdom. The Khmer Empire became the Kingdom of Cambodia.
January 1432: Borommaracha II was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom who led the armies to sack Angkor in 1431, ending its six hundred years of existence. He also expanded the kingdom's territory into the Korat Plateau.
January 1701: In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene.
January 1703: In 1702, the English East India Company founded a settlement on Côn Sơn Island.
January 1708: Protectorate of Vietnam (1707-1832).
January 1833: The Nguyễnn Lords of Hue by diplomacy and by force wrested the southernmost territory from Cambodia, completing the "March to the South".
January 1835: Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834): Upon the outbreak of a general uprising in Cambodia (and Laos) the Siamese army withdrew and Vietnam was left in control of Cambodia.
August 1863: The protectorate was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
August 1863: The protectorate of Cambodia was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
October 1887: In 1887, the various protectorates in Cambodia, under the rule of King Norodom, were consolidated into one union as part of French Indochina. This decision was made by French colonial authorities, including Governor-General of French Indochina, Charles Le Myre de Vilers.
November 1953: Cambodia gained its independence and the independence day was celebrated.
March 1970: The pro-United States military-led republican government of Cambodia was formally declared on 9 October 1970.
April 1975: The Cambodian state under a one-party Marxist-Leninist totalitarian dictatorship existed between 1975 and 1979.
January 1976: Born of Democratic Kampuchea.
September 1993: The monarchy is restored in Cambodia.
Selected Sources
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.551
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