amurru kingdom
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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Amurru Kingdom
Amurru Kingdom (Egypt)
Amurru Kingdom (Hittite Empire)
Establishment
January 1999 BC: Amurru was an Amorite kingdom established c. 2000 BC, in a region spanning present-day western and north-western Syria and northern Lebanon.
January 1999 BC: The Kingdom of Qatna was established around 2000 BC.
January 1999 BC: In the Middle and Late Bronze Age, Nuḫašše referred to a region in the north of present-day Syria east of the Orontes. The area does not appear to have been a unified kingdom but rather a federation of various small principalities.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Military campaigns of Hittite king Muršili II.
January 1294 BC: Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Hittite King Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa and a city known as Millawanda (Miletus), which was under the control of Ahhiyawa.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
January 1274 BC: The first campaign of pharaoh Ramesses II took place in Syria ca. in the fourth year of his reign. He captured the Hittite vassal state of Amurru.
January 1809 BC: Yamhad, an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on Ḥalab (today Aleppo, Syria), emerged at the end of the 19th century BC.
January 1399 BC: The first documented leader of Amurru was Abdi-Ashirta, under whose leadership Amurru was a vassal of the Egyptian empire.
January 1321 BC: Amurru King Aziru, who was a vassal of Egypt, defected to the Hittites.
January 1321 BC: The region of Nuḫašše was conquered by the Hittite King Šuppiluliuma I.
January 1299 BC: The Egyptians regain control of the city of Qatna under Seti I, around 1300 BC.
Disestablishment
January 1274 BC: The first campaign of pharaoh Ramesses II took place in Syria ca. in the fourth year of his reign. He captured the Hittite vassal state of Amurru.
Selected Sources
Al-Maqdissi, Michel (2010). "Matériel pour l'Étude de la Ville en Syrie (Deuxième Partie): Urban Planning in Syria during the SUR (Second Urban Revolution) (Mid-third Millennium BC)". Al-Rāfidān (Journal of Western Asiatic Studies). Special Issue. Institulte for Cultural studies of Ancient Iraq, Kokushikan University. ISSN 0285-4406. p. 140
Douglas Frayne (1 January 1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). University of Toronto Press. p. 780
Singer, I. (1991). "The "Land of Amurru" and the "Lands of Amurru" in the Šaušgamuwa Treaty". Iraq. 53: 69–74. doi:10.2307/4200336. JSTOR 4200336. S2CID 131582702.
Torrecilla, E. (2022). 2022 - Reflections on the Qaṭna Letters TT1-5 (I): Hittite Expansionism and the Syrian Kingdoms. Aula Orientalis 40.
Trevisanato, S. I. (2007). "The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare". Medical Hypotheses. 69 (6): 1371–1374. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012. PMID 17499936.
