numidia
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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Numidia (Carthage)
Kingdom of Numidia
Numidia (Rome)
Establishment
January 236 BC: Numidia becomes a vassall of Carthage.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The region of Numidia in North Africa became a vassal of Carthage.
Were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between Rome and Carthage. The wars ended with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian Empire.
2.1.Second Punic War
Was the second of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean. It ended with a Roman victory and the territories of Carthage were reduced to its core territory in modern-day Tunisia.
2.1.1.End of the Second Punic War
Was the peace treaty between Rome and Carthage after the Second Punic War that reduced the Carthaginian territory to Tunisia.
February 201 BC: At the conclusion of the Second Punic War, Carthage was compelled to accept peace terms that marked the end of its status as a Mediterranean power. Carthage was prohibited from taking up arms without Rome's permission and had to evacuate territories west of the "Punic trenches," which separated Carthaginian lands from Numidian ones. This evacuation favored Massinissa, who seized the opportunity to annex large parts of Carthaginian territory. Additionally, Carthage lost all its territories in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 200 BC: At the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans granted control of Numidia to Masinissa, the king of the Massylii tribe. This decision solidified Masinissa's power in the region and marked the beginning of the Kingdom of Numidia under his rule.
Was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and king Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the coast of modern Algeria.
January 115 BC: The Roman senate divided the Kingdom of Numidia between Adherbal and Jugurtha.
January 112 BC: Shortly after, in 113 BC, Jugurtha again declared war on his brother, and defeated him, forcing him to retreat into Cirta, Adherbal's capital.
January 111 BC: Siege of Cirta.
January 109 BC: The cunning Numidian king, who had reportedly bribed Roman officers to facilitate his attack, was able to catch the Romans at a disadvantage.
January 109 BC: The Roman general Gaius Marius and his ally Gaius Lusius waged war against Jugurtha, the King of Numidia, in -110. Suthul was a strategic town where the Numidian treasury was located, but despite the siege, the town's strong defenses prevented its capture.
June 109 BC: In spring of 109, Metellus led his reorganised army into Numidia.
January 108 BC: The Roman army besieges the Numidian city of Zama.
January 108 BC: The Numidians reconquered Zama with irregular warfare tactics.
January 107 BC: Thala is besieged by the Roman Republic.
November 107 BC: In -107 BC, the Roman general Marius led a risky expedition to Capsa, a town in North Africa. After the town surrendered, Marius ordered the execution of all survivors as a brutal display of Roman power and dominance in the region.
January 106 BC: Jugurtha’s loyalists recaptured Cirta.
January 105 BC: Ultimately, Marius reached a deal with Bocchus whereby Sulla, who was friendly with members of Bocchus's court, would enter Bocchus's camp to receive Jugurtha as a hostage. In spite of the possibility of treachery on the Mauritanian's part, Sulla agreed; Jugurtha's remaining followers were treacherously massacred, and he himself handed over in chains to Sulla by Bocchus.
January 105 BC: Bocchus annexed the western part of Jugurtha's kingdom, and was made a friend of the Roman people. .
January 105 BC: Second Battle of Cirta.
January 39 BC: After the death of Arabio, Numidia became the Roman province of Africa Nova.
January 29 BC: After defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Augustus restored Juba II, son of Juba I, as a client king of Numidia from 30-25 BC. Juba II was a well-educated and cultured ruler, known for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
Disestablishment
January 24 BC: After the defeat of his father Juba I in the Battle of Thapsus, Juba II was taken to Rome as a prisoner. However, Augustus later restored him as a client king of Numidia in -25 BC, allowing him to rule with some autonomy under Roman authority. Juba II was known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, and his reign was marked by prosperity and cultural development in Numidia.
