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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Abkhazia
Principality of Abkhazia
Principality of Abkhazia (Ottoman Empire)
Principality of Abkhazia (Russia)
Republic of Abkhazia
Establishment
January 779: The Abkhazian Kingdom Declared independence from the Byzantine Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were military raids undertaken by the Rus' between the late 9th century and c. 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores.
1.1.First Caspian expedition of the Rus'
The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in the Caspian Sea in 913. Having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged in the Georgan region, in the territory of present-day Iran, and more to the west, in Gilan and Mazandaran, taking slaves and goods.
January 914: The Rus' undertook the first large-scale Caspian expedition in 913. Having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged in the Gorgan region, in the territory of present-day Iran, and more to the west, in Gilan and Mazandaran, taking slaves and goods.
February 914: The Rus' undertook the first large-scale Caspian expedition in 913. After having pillaged the Gorgan, Gilan and Mazandaran (Modern-day Iran), the Rus' forces left these regions.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1581: In the 1570s, the Ottoman navy occupied the fort of Tskhumi, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale. Abkhazia came under the influence of Turkey.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1811: On July 2, 1810, the Russian Marines stormed Suhum-Kale and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother, Sefer-Bey (1810-1821), who had become converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality.
3.1.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Ottoman Empire regained Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained Sukhum-Kale on the Abkhazian coast.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
4.1.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
November 1855: Ottoman field marshal Omar Pasha crossed the Ingur River on 7 November.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
Was a series of Russian military expeditions into northern Caucasus that resulted in the inglobation of this region in the Russian Empire.
December 1864: The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no more needed to the Tsarist government and the rule of the Shervashidze came to an end. In November 1864, Prince Michael was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in Voronezh. Abkhazia was incorporated in the Russian Empire.
Are a series of conflicts that are considered to be a consequence of the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
6.1.Georgian Civil War
Was a civil war in Georgia shortly after the country had gained its independency from the USSR in 1991.
6.1.1.War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)
Was a war between Georgia, that had recently gained independence from the Soviet Union, and the breakaway Republic of Abkhazia. Abkhazia became a de facto independent republic, but today remains recognized as part of Georgia by most of the countries of the world.
July 1992: A partially recognized state in the South Caucasus recognised by most countries as part of Georgia.
July 1992: The Abkhazian government proclaimed the independence of the region, though this was not internationally recognized.
August 1992: The separatist government fled from Sukhumi to Gudauta.
August 1992: Georgian troops, led by President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, took control over the city of Gagra in 1992 during the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict. The Abkhazians, supported by Russia, were forced to leave the city as a result of the military intervention.
September 1992: The Georgian Army had taken most of Abkhazia.
October 1992: Battle of Gagra.
July 1993: During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the village of Kamani was the site of the final offensive by Abkhaz forces.
September 1993: After a fierce battle, Sukhumi fell to the Abkhazians.
December 1993: Abkhazia becomed a de facto independent republic, but remains internationally recognized as part of Georgia.
January 791: The Principality of Hamamshen was a small principality established in about 790 century by Armenians who fled the Arab invasions of Armenia.
January 901: The Kingdom of Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Iranian Alans (proto-Ossetians) that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia and modern North Ossetia-Alania, from its independence from the Khazars in the late 9th century.
January 909: In about 908 Abkhazian king Constantine III (c.894 . 923) annexed a significant portion of Kartli.
January 952: Muhammad ibn Shaddad conquers Dwin.
January 972: In 971, Lashkari ibn Muhammad, a member of the Shaddadid dynasty, established himself in Ganja.
January 989: It is believed that the conquest of Tmutarakan by the Old Russian state happened either during the eastern campaign of Svyatoslav in 965, or during the campaign of Vladimir in Korsun in 988.
January 1009: Unification of the Georgian principalities included in a single feudal state in 1008.
January 1464: It emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1829: The Caucasian Imamate was founded in 1828 by Ghazi Mohammed by merging several areas that where still ummune of Russian control in the region.
Selected Sources
Treaty of Paris (1856), https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10557776?page=,1
abkhazia
