January 92 BC: The Hasmoneans lost the territories acquired in Transjordan during the 93 BC Battle of Gadara, where the Nabataeans ambushed Jannaeus and his forces in a hilly area. The Nabataeans saw the acquisitions as a threat to their interests, and used a large number of camels in the form of a bulldozer to push the Hasmonean forces into a deep valley where Jannaeus was "lucky to escape alive". Jannaeus returned to fierce Jewish opposition in Jerusalem after his defeat, and had to cede the acquired territories to the Nabataeans so that he could dissuade them from supporting his opponents in Judea.

3. Mithridatic Wars

Were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus during the course of the wars.

3.1.Third Mithridatic War

Was the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, ending the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulting in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.

January 65 BC: Border corrections due to military occupations and reorganization.

4. Hasmonean Civil War

67 BC-63 BC: The Hasmonean Civil War was a civil war between two claimants to the Hasmonean Jewish Crown.

4.1.Hasmonean Kingdom becomes a client state of the Roman Republic

The intervention of the Roman Republic in the Hasmonean Civil War resulted in the Kingdom's loss of independence.

January 62 BC: The Hasmonean Kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic (63-40 BC).

5. Roman-Persian Wars

Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.

5.1.Antony's Atropatene campaign

Was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.

5.1.1.Persian Invasion (Antony's Atropatene campaign)

Was the Persian invasion of the Roman Republic during Mark Antony's Parthian War.

January 39 BC: A Parthian army led by Pacorus, son the Parthian king, invaded Palestine and reached Jerusalem.

5.1.2.Anthony's Invasion

Was the Roman invasion of Persia during Mark Antony's Parthian War.

January 36 BC: The Herodian kingdom of Judea was a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BC, when Herod the Great was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate.