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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
State of Greater Lebanon
Lebanese Republic (France)
French Lebanon (Vichy France)
Lebanese Republic
Establishment
September 1920: The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
1.1.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
2.1.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
July 1940: With the creation of Vichy France, initially all French colonies were aligned with Vichy.
2.2.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
2.2.1.Syria-Lebanon campaign
Was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
June 1941: Battle of the Litani River.
June 1941: Battle of Jezzine.
June 1941: Battle of Sidon.
June 1941: Following a strong Vichy French counterattack, the British garrison was forced to withdraw from Marjayoun.
June 1941: Battle of Merdjayoun.
July 1941: Battle of Damour.
July 1941: On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign.
July 1941: Battle of Beirut.
January 1946: In 1945, the British evacuated Syria and Lebanon, which were under French mandate at the time.
Was a series of related conflicts that took place in Lebanon from 1975 to 1990. The first phase was the Syrian invasion of Lebanon, which Syria wanted to reduce to a client state. Because the Palestinian Liberation organization operated from south Lebanon, Israel later invaded the country twice. .
June 1982: In 1982, during the Lebanon War, Israeli troops led by the Golani Brigade captured Beaufort Castle after a fierce battle. The castle was a strategic stronghold held by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and its capture was a significant victory for Israel in the conflict.
3.1.Syrian occupation of Lebanon
Was a Syrian military invasion of Lebanon that took place in 1976 and led to the occupation of the eastern part of the country. Syria wanted to reduce Lebanon to a client state.
June 1976: On 31 May 1976, The Syrian army began an invasion of Lebanon. 2000 troops and 60 tanks marched in 3 columns during a 3-pronged offensive. The first column marched south across Shuf towards Sidon, where it was halted by PLO forces.
June 1976: A Syrian column under the command of Hafez al-Assad, advanced towards Beirut.
June 1976: Another Syrian column moved north through the Bekaa valley, before then going west towards Tripoli, where it was stopped by Christian forces.
October 1976: A second Syrian offensive in mid-October 1976 succeeded at capturing all of central Lebanon as well as some of the country's most important urban centres.
3.2.1978 South Lebanon conflict
Was the Israeli invasion and occupation of Southern Lebanon in response to attack by Palestinian militants based in the region.
March 1978: During the seven-day offensive in Lebanon, Israeli forces first occupied a strip about 10 kilometers wide.
March 1978: On March 14, 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, occupying the area south of the Leontes, except Tire, with more than 25,000 troops.
January 1979: Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, turning over positions inside Lebanon to their ally, the South Lebanon Army (SLA) militia under the leadership of Maj. Saad Haddad.
3.3.Hundred Days War
Was a conflict where the Christian Lebanese Front expelled the Syrian Army from East Beirut.
May 1978: The conflict resulted in Syrian Army's expulsion from East Beirut.
3.4.1982 Lebanon War
Was an Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Israel wanted to end the attacks by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon. .
June 1982: One Israeli division bypassed Mount Hermon via a road bulldozed by Israeli military engineers and cleared the town of Hasbaiya.
June 1982: The easternmost Israeli force penetrated into the Bekaa Valley.
June 1982: The road junction at Nabatieh was secured by Israeli forces on the first day of the 1982 Lebanon War. This military operation was led by Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and aimed to drive out PLO forces from southern Lebanon.
June 1982: Battle of Jezzine.
June 1982: Israeli forces secured Burj ash-Shamali and al-Bass.
June 1982: Israeli forces, led by Defense Minister Ariel Sharon and Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan, completed the capture of Sidon in 1982 during the Lebanon War. The city was a strategic target for Israel in their military occupation of Lebanon.
June 1982: On 11 June 1982, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad agreed to a cease-fire at noon, excluding the PLO.
June 1982: It took four days of combat for the Israeli forces to secure Rashidiya.
June 1982: The Siege of Beirut in 1982 was part of the Lebanon War, with Israeli forces led by Defense Minister Ariel Sharon encircling the city to root out PLO fighters. The siege lasted for months and resulted in heavy civilian casualties.
June 1982: By 25 June, with the remaining Syrian positions on and north of the highway no longer tenable, the Syrians withdrew. The Israelis allowed the withdrawal to occur but conducted artillery harassment and continued to shell the outskirts of Chtaura.
August 1982: Siege of Beirut.
September 1983: In August 1983, Israel withdrew from the Chouf District (southeast of Beirut).
February 1985: In January 1985, Unity Prime Minister Shimon Peres and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin brought a decision on the IDF exit from Lebanon to the government and a withdrawal to a new line called the "Security Strip".
Was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon. The primary goal of the activists was the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon.
April 2005: Following demonstrations in Lebanon triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri, the Syrian troops completely withdrew from Lebanon on 27 April 2005.
Initially a series of anti-government protests and revolts across the Arab world, it soon evolved into a series of wars. The wars caused by the revolts are sometimes referred to as the Arab Winter.
5.1.Syrian Civil War
Is an ongoing civil war in Syria between the government (the Syrian Arab Republic) and several factions. The civil war started in 2011 with protests, part of the wider Arab Spring, caused by discontent with the Syrian government.
5.1.1.Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in Damascus and the Rif Damashq Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
5.1.1.1.Battle of Qalamoun (2013-2014)
Was a military offensive by the Syrian government in Qalamoun, during the Syrian Civil War.
January 2014: After the battle of Qusayr, rebels moved heavily into the area of Qalamoun.
July 2014: Territories conquered from the rebels by the Lebanese Government in June 2014.
January 2015: Territories conquered from the rebels by the Lebanese Government in June 2014.
July 2015: Territories conquered from the rebels by the Lebanese Government in June 2015.
July 2017: Territories conquered from the rebels by the Lebanese Government in June 2017.
August 2017: Territories conquered from the rebels by the Lebanese Government in early August 2017.
September 2017: Territories conquered from the rebels by government forces in Lebanon by September 1st, 2017..
5.2.Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian Civil War spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and supporters of the Syrian Arab Republic traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil.
August 2014: On 2 August 2014, after Lebanese security forces arrested an al-Nusra Front commander, fighters from al-Nusra Front and ISIL surrounded Lebanese Army checkpoints in Arsal before attacking them and storming the northeastern town's police station, where they took at least 16 policemen hostage. The militants then proceeded to take control of the town.
August 2014: Battle of Arsal.
is an ongoing conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbours, as well as with Palestine, an area factually controlled by Israel itself. The conflict begun when the British Mandate in Palestine (a former Ottoman territory) was partitioned into an Arab and a Jewish state.
6.1.2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
In October 2024, Israel initiated a military invasion of southern Lebanon in response to escalating tensions with Hezbollah. A ceasefire was announced on November 27, 2024, brokered by the United States and France.
October 2024: IDF forces captured Hezbollah infrastructure in the towns of Kafr Kila, Ayta ash Shab, and Meiss Ej Jabal.
October 2024: IsraeIi soldiers entering Maroun al-Ras from its eastern side.
October 2024: The IDF was filmed raising the Israeli flag in Maroun al-Ras.
October 2024: The IDF withdrew from Maroun al-Ras.
October 2024: Israeli forces reached the outskirts of Kafr Kila.
November 2024: Israeli soldiers and Hezbollah fighters were engaged in clashes in the outskirts of Aitaroun.
November 2024: Israeli troops captured a hill in Chamaa.
November 2024: Hezbollah fighters destroyed an Israeli Merkava tank that had reached Al Bayyadah, a town in the vicinity of Naqoura.
November 2024: The IDF entered the town of Deir Mimas.
November 2024: The IDF entered Mais al-Jabal.
November 2024: The IDF entered Markaba.
November 2024: Israeli tanks entered the western side of Khiam.
December 2024: Israeli forces opened fire at homes in Naqoura with machine guns.
December 2024: The IDF withdrew from Khiam in compliance with a ceasefire agreement.
December 2024: Israeli forces demolished several houses in Tayr Harfa.
December 2024: Israeli forces demolished several houses in Yaroun.
January 2025: Israeli forces demolished several houses in Houla.
6.2.Palestine War
Was a war that took place in Palestine, initially a British Mandate, between the Jewish population and the the Arab population (later with the support of the Arab league) of the region. It is traditionally divided in two phases: a civil war in the final phase of the British Mandate, and a full-scale invasion by a coalition of Arab countries after the British left Palestine. During the war the State of Israel was established.
6.2.1.1948 Arab-Israeli War
Was a war between the newly established State of Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It was the second phase of the Palestine War of 1948. After the evacuation of the British forces from the Mandate for Palestine, Israel declared its independence, and Palestine was invaded by a coalition of Arab states.
6.2.1.1.Northern Front - Operation Hiram
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
June 1948: Lebanese forces captured the village of al-Malikiyya.
October 1948: Alma was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Hiram.
October 1948: Hula was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Hiram.
October 1948: Al-Malikiyya, evacuated by its Lebanese and Palestinian defenders, was captured without a fight by the Israelis during Operation Hiram.
6.2.2.1949 Armistice Agreements
Were a series of agreements between Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria that formally ended the 1948 Arab-Israel War.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. Israel was left with the part of Mandatory Palestine it had conquered during the war.
6.3.South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000)
Was a protracted armed conflict that took place in southern Lebanon from 1985 to 2000. It saw fighting between the Christian-dominated South Lebanon Army (SLA) and Hezbollah-led Muslim guerrillas within the Israeli-occupied "Security Zone".
February 1985: Israel withdrew from Sidon and turned it over to the Lebanese Army.
April 1985: Israel withdrew from the Bekaa valley on 24 April.
April 1985: Retreat of the Israeli forces from Tyre.
May 2000: On 24 May, Israel announced that it would withdraw all troops from South Lebanon. All Israeli forces had withdrawn from Lebanon by the end of the next day.
6.4.2006 Lebanon War
Was a military conflict that opposed the Hezbollah paramilitary forces to Israel and took place in Lebanon and northern Israel.
July 2006: On July 23, 2006, Israeli ground forces entered Lebanon in the Maroun al-Ras area, which lies ahead of several other areas that Israel believes are used as Hezbollah rocket or launch sites.
October 2006: The bulk of Israeli forces withdrew from Lebanon.
December 2006: The last Israeli troops in Lebanon continued to occupy the border village of Ghayar until 3 December 2006.
May 1926: The State of Greater Lebanon became the Lebanese Republic in May 1926.
April 1946: Withdrawal of French forces from Lebanon.
Selected Sources
Aitaroun,33.116389,35.468333
Gilbert, M. (2012): The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 10th Edition, Routledge, p.50
Khalidi, W. (1992): All that Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies, p. 471
Operation Hiram. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hiram
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(27_November_2024_%E2%80%93_present)#cite_note-125
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(27_November_2024_%E2%80%93_present)#cite_note-81
https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1436603/ground-offensive-the-israeli-army-sets-up-roadblocks-in-the-deir-mimas-and-kfar-kila.html
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/20/live-israeli-tanks-fire-on-gaza-hospital-treating-malnutrition
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/11/28/live-fragile-truce-holds-in-lebanon-north-gaza-absolutely-terrifying
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/18/live-israeli-bombing-near-gaza-hospital-kills-8-ceasefire-talks-continue
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/2/live-israeli-forces-kill-10-palestinians-in-north-gaza-four-in-west-bank
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/20/live-israel-kills-15-in-gaza-shelters-amid-new-report-of-ethnic-cleansing
https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-opens-fire-as-lebanese-return-to-southern-villages-where-troops-still-deployed/?utm_source=article_hpsidebar&utm_medium=desktop_site&utm_campaign=liveblog-november-27-2024
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