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Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
October 1918: The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, created in Washington, was published by the Czechoslovak National Council, signed by Masaryk, Štefánik and Beneš on October 18, 1918 in Paris, and proclaimed on October 28 in Prague.
November 1918: The Banat Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 in Timisoara in the area of the historical Banat.
November 1918: The short history of the Banat Republic ended on November 15, 1918 with the invasion of Serbian troops, who took over the administration.
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
March 1919: Béla Kun proclaimed Hungary a Soviet Republic, and renounced the passive policy of accepting territorial losses dictated by the Entente.
June 1919: Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
June 1919: The South Seas Mandate was a League of Nations mandate in the "South Seas" given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following World War I. The mandate consisted of islands in the north Pacific Ocean that had been part of German New Guinea.
June 1919: After the war, German South West Africa was declared a League of Nations Class C Mandate territory under the Treaty of Versailles, with the Union of South Africa responsible for the administration of the country.
January 1920: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.
July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria surrendered to French forces.
August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
September 1920: The State of Aleppo was declared by the French General Henri Gouraud on 1 September 1920 as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control by dividing it into several smaller states.
September 1920: The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.
September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
June 1919: On June 21, 1919, the Banat region was divided between Romania, Serbia and Hungary.
August 1919: The Free State of Schwenten existed for 7 months until it joined the Weimar Republic.
July 1920: The Syrian mandate region was subdivided into six states. One of themwas the state of Damascus (1920).
May 1919: The Republic of Prekmurje was an unrecognized state in Prekmurje, an area traditionally known in Hungarian as Vendvidék ("Wendic March").
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
November 1918: All territories of Cislethania that were not de facto controlled by other states (for example Czechoslovakia) became the Republic of German Austria.
May 1934: The Federal State of Austria was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of Austria.
December 1918: With the defeat of Germany in WWI Finland become indipendent. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic.
November 1918: The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet.
June 1920: The Treaty of Trianon regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. It left Hungary as a landlocked state that covered 93,073 square kilometres, only 28% of the 325,411 square kilometres that had constituted the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary.
July 1920: Conference of Ambassadors in Spa, Belgium. Division of Orawa and Cieszyn between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
August 1920: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded northern Epirus to Greece.
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
January 1920: Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet.
June 1920: When World War I was over, the plebiscite in Northern Schleswig finally was held in early 1920; the northern part of it, around Tønder, Haderslev, Åbenra and Sønderborg, opted for Denmark. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig was officially reunited with Denmark.
November 1920: The Free City of Danzig was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a good-sized seaport.
1.1.Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.
1.2.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
1.3.Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.
January 1920: After World War I, Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium.
January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
1.4.Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.
January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
January 1920: In Central Europe, Germany recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia (which had actually been controlled by Austria) and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.
Was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.
January 1918: The Whites captured Haapamäki at the end of January 1918.
March 1918: The elimination of exclaves was a priority for both White and Red armies in February 1918.
April 1918: Battle of Tampere.
April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.
April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
May 1918: Battle of Ahvenkoski.
May 1918: The war of 1918 ended when the Whites took over Fort Ino.
April 1918: The German army intervened in the war on the side of the White Army making de facto Finland a German protectorate.
January 1918: The Finnish Red Guards seized the early initiative in the war by taking control of Helsinki.
March 1918: Korpo conquered by germany.
April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
April 1918: Helsinki conquered by germany.
April 1918: The 10,000-strong Baltic Sea Division (German: Ostsee-Division), led by General Rüdiger von der Goltz, launched the main attack at Hanko.
March 1918: Houtskär was taken by the Finnish Whites.
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.
October 1918: The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a political entity that was constituted at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs resident in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
November 1918: The Kingdom of Serbia absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly.
December 1918: Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
November 1920: According to the treaty of Rapallo, the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) would become the independent Free State of Fiume, thus ending the military occupation of Gabriele d'Annunzio's troops, begun by the Impresa di Fiume and known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
December 1918: Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I which led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.
October 1918: A revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi, in the aftermath of World War I, led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.
Was a war between Hungary and Czechoslovakia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.
June 1919: In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from Slovakia.
5.1.Czech invasion of northern Slovakia
Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in northern Slovakia.
November 1918: Colonel Hančík with 120 men occupied Trnava.
November 1918: The Czech units occupied Turany.
November 1918: The Hungarians occupied Vrútky and forced the Czechoslovaks to retreat on the north bank of the Váh towards Žilina.
November 1918: The Czech war council designated a new temporary demarcation line with Hungary: Bratislava - north bank of the Danube - along Ipeľ - Pinciná - estuary of Uhu to Laborec - along Uhu - Užocký pas.
November 1918: Piešťany and Hlohovec are occupied by Czech troops.
November 1918: Czechoslovakia wanted to include the territory of Slovakia (then Upper Hungary), which until now belonged to Hungary. On November 2, the 25th Battalion entered Slovakia.
November 1918: Czechoslovak forces penetrated through Gbely to Malacek.
November 1918: On November 8, a temporary demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia was negotiated between Lieutenant Ripka and Hungarian Major Brandstätter, leading from Devínská Nová Ves to Malinský vrch and further to the Little Carpathians.
December 1918: Other Czech reinforcements arrived in Hlohovec, which by 10 December occupied the towns of Sereď, Modra and Pezinok.
November 1918: Czechoslovaks commanded by Captain Kurz occupied Žilina without a fight.
November 1918: The city of Turany was conquered by a Hungarian armored train.
November 1918: Czechoslovaks occupied Trenčín and then the main strongholds in Pováží.
November 1918: The Hungarians were defeated and Trnava found itself in Czechoslovak hands again.
December 1918: Schöbl then sent the 1st Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Major Pirník, to secure the surroundings of Nitra.
November 1918: In Trnava, the Hungarians created an armed guard.
5.2.Czech invasion of eastern Slovakia
Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in eastern Slovakia.
December 1918: Košice was occupied by the Czechoslovaks, ending the Slovak People's Republic.
December 1918: The Slovak People's Republic was a short-existing state which lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918.
December 1918: Czechoslovak forces occupied Spišská Nová Ves.
December 1918: Zbolen was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
December 1918: Until 25 December 1918 the whole of Pováží and the area up to Spišská Nová Ves were secured.
December 1918: Prešov was occupied by Czechoslovak forces.
December 1918: The Czechoslovak army occupied Poprad with an armored train.
5.3.Czech invasion of southern Slovakia
Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in southern Slovakia.
January 1919: Komárno conquered by Czechoslovak Republic.
January 1919: The Ipeľ basin was cleared from the Hungarians via Kováčová, Bušinka, Mikušovka to Pinciná. These territories were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
January 1919: The southern bank of Ipeľ was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
January 1919: The cities of Perečín, Velký Berezný, Užok, Veľké Kapušany and Vojany were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
January 1919: On the night of January 2-3, Czechoslovak forces occupied Lučenec.
January 1919: The whole territory of Slovakia was under Czechoslovak control.
January 1919: On January 9 without a fight, Nové Zámky, was occupied by Czech forces.
5.4.Hungarian Counterattack (Hungarian-Czechoslovak War)
Was Hungarian counterattack against Czech invading forces during the Hungarian-Czechoslovak War.
May 1919: Hungarian Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, attacked in force and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc, also recapturing Košice and Prešov.
June 1919: The Slovak Soviet Republic was a short-lived Communist state in southeast Slovakia in existence from 16 June 1919 to 7 July 1919.
Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.
6.1.Revolutionary States
A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
November 1918: The was a short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
January 1919: The Soviet Republic of Saxony lasted only a few weeks before being overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
February 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
April 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was established in April 1919 after the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria.
May 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps.
November 1918: The People's State of Bavaria was a short-lived socialist state in Bavaria from 1918 to 1919.
November 1918: The Soviet Republic of Saxony was established during the German Revolution of 1918-19 by socialist leader Richard Lipinski.
January 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was a short-lived state that existed for 25 days in 1919.
6.2.Republic proclamation in Germany
Proclamation of a republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.
November 1918: Proclamation of the Republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.
6.3.Spartacist uprising
Was an armed uprising that took place in Berlin from 5 to 12 January 1919.
Was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).
March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
February 1919: Ukrainians managed to surround Lviv on three sides.
June 1919: By June 27 the Ukrainian forces had advanced 120 km along the Dnister river and on another they had advanced 150 km, past the town of Brody.
July 1919: The Ukrainian Galician Army and ZUNR leadership were pushed back to the line of the Zbruch river on 16-18 July, after which ZUNR was occupied by Poland.
November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Chernivtsi.
Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
8.1.Romanian occupation of Transylvania
At the beginning of the Hungarian-Romanian War Romanian troops occupied Transylvania, a territory promised to Romania by the Entente in the Treaty of Bucharest (1916).
November 1918: The first Romanian troops enter Hungary and occupy the Gyergyótölgyes mountain pass accessing the Székely Land Region.
December 1918: The Union of Transylvania with Romania was officiated by the elected representatives of the Romanian people of Transylvania, who proclaimed a union with Romania.
December 1918: The Romanian Army enters Brașov, in southeastern Transylvania.
January 1919: Romanian troops reached Baia Mare.
January 1919: The Romanian Army enters Sighetu Marmației.
April 1919: The Romanian Army entered Oradea (Nagyvárad) and Salonta (Nagyszalonta).
December 1918: Romanian troops enter Cluj (Kolozsvár).
December 1918: Romanian troops enter Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in southern Transylvania.
April 1919: Romanian troops enter Carei (Nagykároly) and Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti).
November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mureș).
January 1919: Romanian troops now control the entire territory up to the new demarcation line indicated by the Entente powers. Inner Transylvania and Maramureș are under Romanian control, leaving Banat under Serbian, and Crișana under Hungarian control.
8.2.Romanian invasion of Hungary to conquer further territories
Was a Romanian military invasion of Hungary after Romania had already occupied Transylvania.
May 1919: The Romanian Army reaches the river Tisza.
May 1919: Romanian army units enter Arad.
August 1919: Romania occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton.
January 1920: In early 1920, Romanian troops departed Hungary. All of Hungary but a region around Lake Balaton was evacuated.
August 1919: French-supported Romanian forces entered Budapest. The Communist government of Hungary collapsed and its leaders flee.
8.3.Hungarian Offensive (Hungarian-Romanian War)
Was the Hungarian counteroffensive against Romanian troops that had invaded the country during the Hungarian-Romanian War.
July 1919: Hungary invaded Romanian border regions after the Tisza river.
July 1919: Mindszent and Törökszentmiklós reconquered by Romania.
8.4.Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath
The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
After their defeat in World War I, the Germans handed over the power in Estonia to a Provisional Government.
November 1918: After their defeat in World War I, the Germans were forced to hand over power in Estonia to the Provisional Government.
Was the Estonian War of independence from Bolshevik Russia and German troops.
February 1920: Pskow is under Russian control.
10.1.Soviet Offensive (Estonian War of Independence)
Was the Bolshevik invasion of Estonia, a former region of the Russian Empire that had declared independence.
November 1918: The RSFSR Captured Narva on 29 November.
December 1918: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
December 1918: On Christmas Eve, the 6th Red Rifle Division captured the Tapa railway junction.
December 1918: The 49th Red Latvian Rifle Regiment took the Valga railway junction.
December 1918: Tartu conquered by RSFSR.
10.2.Liberation of Estonian territories (Estonian War of Independence)
Estonian counteroffensive against the Bolshevik invasion.
January 1919: Narva was liberated by the Estonians.
February 1919: The second half of February saw the Estonian southward advance capture Salacgrīva and Alūksne.
April 1919: The Latvian Riflemen captured Rūjiena.
January 1919: Tartu was liberated by the Estonians through the rapid deployment of armored trains.
January 1919: The strengthened Estonian Army stopped the 7th Red Army's advance in its tracks between 2 and 5 January 1919 and went on the counter-offensive on 7 January. Tapa was liberated two days later.
March 1919: The Estonian 2nd Division counterattacked and regained Petseri by 29 March. Subsequently, the 'Estonian' Red Army was pushed behind the Optjok River.
January 1919: Battle of Paju.
April 1919: The Bolshevisk were pushed back by the Latvian 3rd Division to Salacgrīva-Seda-Gauja line.
January 1919: Liberation of the Estonian town of Rakvere.
10.3.Estonian offensives into Russia and Latvia
Offensive of the Estonian army in Russian and Latvian territories.
May 1919: Estonian 2nd and 3rd divisions also started a southward offensive into Northern-Latvia. By end of May they had captured Alūksne and Valmiera.
June 1919: The Estonian army crossed Daugava river and captured Jēkabpils.
May 1919: An offensive destroyed the Estonian Red Army, captured Pskov on 25 May and cleared the territory between Estonia and the Velikaya River of Soviet forces.
10.4.Battles between Estonia and Latvia
Were battles between Latvia and Estonia during the Independence wars of these two countries.
10.4.1.Battle of Cēsis
The Battle of Cēsis (alos Battle of Wenden) was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence were the Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Baltic German forces.
June 1919: The Estonian forces started a full counter-attack on 23 June resulting in the recapture of Cēsis.
June 1919: Fighting between Latvia and Estonia resumed with an Estonian Iron Division attack on the Estonian positions near Limbaži.
June 1919: The Landeswehr captured Cēsis.
10.4.2.Return of latvian government
Withdraw of remaining German troops from Latvia.
July 1919: The Allies again insisted that the Germans withdraw their remaining troops from Latvia, and on July 3 intervened to impose an armistice between Estonia, Latvia, and the Landeswehr and Freikorps when the Latvians were about to march into Riga.
July 1919: The government of Ulmanis returned to Riga on 8 July 1919 and the Landeswehr became a component of the Latvian National Army.
10.5.Final battles and peace (Estonian War of Independence)
Were the final phases of the Estonian War of Independence.
December 1919: The situation for the Estonians became critical as forward units of the 15th Red Army crossed the Narva River.
December 1919: An Estonian counterattack pushed the Soviets back from the Narva river region.
Was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia.
11.1.Soviet offensive (Latvian War of Independence)
Soviet offensive in Latvia, a territory of the Russian Empire that had been occupied by Germany and had then declared independency.
December 1918: Pļaviņas conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: The town of Alūksne was captured by the Red Army on 7 December.
January 1919: By the end of January the Latvian Provisional Government and remaining German units had retreated all the way to Liepāja, but then the Red offensive stalled along the Venta river.
January 1919: Riga was captured by the Red Army.
December 1918: Cēsis conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: In the south Daugavpils was taken by the Bolsheviks on 9 December.
December 1918: Valka conquered by RSFSR.
11.2.Latvian and German counteroffensive
German and Latvian counterattack against Bolshevik forces during the Latvian War of Independence.
March 1919: Jelgava conquered by Republic of Latvia.
June 1919: The Estonian Army, including the North Latvian Brigade loyal to the Ulmanis government, started a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia. By the middle of June the Soviet rule was reduced to the area surrounding Latgale.
March 1919: On 3 March, the German and Latvian forces commenced a counterattack against the Red Latvian Riflemen. Tukums was recaptured from the Bolsheviks on 15 March.
May 1919: Riga was recaptured by the German-Latvian Freikorps and an organised persecution of suspected Bolshevik supporters began.
11.3.German Coup
On 16 April, the Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established in Latvia.
April 1919: The Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja, Latvia, and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established.
11.4.Bermontian attack
An offensive by the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation in Latvia and Lithuania.
October 1919: The German mission secretly leaves Riga for Jelgava, where an attack is prepared by the German-established West Russian Volunteer Army on Riga. The West Russian Volunteer Army attacks Riga, taking the Pārdaugava district.
November 1919: The Latvian Army, supported by Estonian armored trains, the Royal Navy and the French Navy, defeated the West Russian Volunteer Army in Riga.
November 1919: The Latvian Army liberates Jelgava from the West Russian Volunteer Army.
11.5.Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty
The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".
August 1920: The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.
January 1919: The German occupying army withdrew from Vilnius and turned the city over to local Polish self-defense forces.
January 1920: According to Article 99 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Memelland was ceded to the Allied powers without a referendum effective January 10, 1920. From early 1920 to early 1923 it was administered by France as its agent.
12.1.Lithuanian-Soviet War
Was a war between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR. Russia considerd Lithuania, that had recently declared independence, a secessionist state. At the end of the war Russia recognized the independency of Lithuania.
January 1919: Vilnius was captured by the Soviet Red Army.
January 1921: The Lithuanians claimed the southern shore of Daugava, including Grīva and Daugavpils, despite Latvian protests.
July 1920: Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia. In exchange for Lithuania's neutrality and permission to move its troops in the territory that was recognised during its war against Poland, Soviet Russia recognized the sovereignty of Lithuania. Lithuania officially maintained that its de jure borders were those delineated by the treaty although a large territory, the Vilnius Region, was controlled by Poland.
12.1.1.Soviet offensive (Lithuanian War of Independence)
Was the military invasion of Lithuania by the Russian SFSR that started the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
December 1918: Rokiškis was taken over by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
January 1919: To prevent fights in Lithuania between retreating Germans and the Red Army, the Soviets and Germans signed a treaty on January 18. The treaty drew a temporary demarcation line that went through Daugai, Stakliškės, and 10 kilometres east of the Kaišiadorys-Jonava-Kėdainiai railway.
January 1919: Telšiai conquered by RSFSR.
February 1919: The Bolshevik 3rd and 4th Riflemen Regiments (about 2,000 men) attacked Alytus.
February 1919: Lithuanians retreated, were reinforced by new Lithuanian and Saxon Volunteers, attacked again, and took Jieznas on February 13.
April 1919: The Red Army retook Panevėžys on April 4.
February 1919: Soviet 7th Riflemen Regiment (900 men) took over Jieznas, south of Kaunas.
February 1919: A joint Lithuanian and German forces captured Šėta and forced the Red Army to retreat.
January 1919: Ukmergė and Panevėžys are occupied by Russian Bolshevik forces.
February 1919: On the night of February 14-15, German forces and one company of the Lithuanians returned to Alytus and retook the city.
February 1919: Russian operations to take Kaunas began on February 7.
December 1918: Utena conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Zarasai and Švenčionys conquered by RSFSR.
January 1919: Šiauliai conquered by RSFSR.
12.1.2.German/Lithuanian Offensive (Lithuanian-Soviet War)
Was a joint German-Lithuanian offensive against the the Soviet invasion, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
February 1919: The movement of the Bolsheviks towards East Prussia worried Germany, and they sent volunteers. At the end of February, the Lithuanian partisans, supported by German artillery, took Mažeikiai and Seda, and pursued the Bolsheviks to Kuršėnai.
March 1919: Before mid-March, the Germans took Kuršėnai, Šiauliai, Radviliškis, Šeduva, Joniškis.
March 1919: The Bolshevik morale underwent deeper declines and, between March 19 and March 24, their forces left Panevėžys. Lithuanian forces entered the city on March 26.
12.1.3.Lithuanian offensive
Was a Lithuanian offensive in the territories of the Russian SFSR, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
May 1919: On May 3, the Separate Panevėžys Volunteer Regiment, supported by the 18th Regiment of Saxon Volunteers, had secured the town of Ukmergė.
May 1919: The reorganized Lithuanian army carried out its first operation. The Vilkmergė Group captured Kurkliai and Anykščiai.
May 1919: The Soviets left Panevėžys to Lithuanian forces without a fight.
May 1919: Joniškėlis' partisans broke through the Soviet lines and took Rokiškis in Soviet rear.
June 1919: Bolshevik forces, afraid that they could be encircled, left Kupiškis on the night of May 30-31, and Lithuania secured that city on June 1.
June 1919: Another Soviet push came on June 20 and the front stabilized.The Soviets were cornered in a small region around Zarasai.
May 1919: The Panevėžys Group launched a drive towards Panevėžys on May 18 and secured the city the following day.
May 1919: Lithuanians and Poles mounted a joint operation to take Giedraičiai.
May 1919: Lithianian forces charged towards Kupiškis and secured Subačius.
May 1919: The Lithuanians lost Panevėžys to a Bolshevik counterattack.
June 1919: The drive towards Utena resumed on May 31, and the city was secured on June 2 by Lithuanian forces.
May 1919: On May 7, Lithuanians entered Širvintos.
12.1.4.Final Battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War
Were the final battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War.
August 1919: The Ukmergė Group attacked first and captured Zarasai.
12.2.War against the Bermontians
Was the war between the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation, and Lithuania.
July 1919: In June 1919, the Bermontians crossed the Lithuanian-Latvian border and took the town of Kuršėnai.
December 1919: The Bermontians were completely removed from Lithuania.
November 1919: By October, the Bermontians had taken considerable territories in western Lithuania, including the cities of Šiauliai, Biržai, and Radviliškis.
12.3.Polish-Lithuanian War
Was a war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I.
January 1920: On October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed by Poland and Lithuania, establishing a truce, known as the Suwałki Agreement: it temporarily accepted the Foch Line.
July 1920: Augustów conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: Knowing that the Polish Army was busy preparing for the Battle of the Nemunas River, the Lithuanian authorities decided to capture the city of Augustów, an event which took place on August 26.
September 1920: Polish forces retreated from Sejny further south.
September 1920: The Lithuanian army reached Augustów.
September 1920: The Lithuanian forces advancing from Sejny were routed and Augustów again fell into Polish hands.
September 1920: Polish forces recaptured Sejny.
September 1920: End of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
September 1920: Sejny is acquired by Poland at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
August 1920: Lithuanians conquered Suwalki.
August 1920: On August 31, Sejny was conquered by the Polish army.
August 1920: The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment assaulted the Lithuanian defenders of the city of Augustów by surprise and disarmed a company of the 10th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment, securing control of the town.
August 1920: Polish Colonel Nieniewski entered the city of Suwałki with his soldiers.
Was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region against German rule.
December 1918: The Poles captured Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and other towns.
January 1919: The Second Polish Republic captured Jarocin, Krotoszyn and Mogilno.
January 1919: Inowrocław conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Szamocin.
January 1919: Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
February 1919: A Polish counterattack forced a German withdrawal to northern bank of the Noteć River. The Poles recaptured Rynarzewo and won the Battle of Kcynia.
February 1919: Germans use an armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
December 1918: The Polish uprising against German authorities broke out on 27 December 1918 in Poznań. Fighting also start in other towns: Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are captured.
January 1919: Polish victory in the Battle of Szubin and capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
December 1918: The Poles capture Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcz.
January 1919: The Poles recaptured Chodzież Battle of Chodzież and Czarnków. They also win the Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
January 1919: Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by the Poles.
February 1919: Poles recapture Szubin.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
January 1919: The Poles lose Nakło to the Germans.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Sarnowa and win the Battle of Zbąszyń.
January 1919: In the Battle of Rynarzewo, the Germans capture Szubin.
December 1918: In Poznań, the Poles forced the German 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, the regiment leaved the city with their weapons.
January 1919: Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
December 1918: The Poles capture Kościan, Oborniki Wielkopolskie, Ostrów Wielkopolski.
Was the creation of Republic of Hutsul in Ukraine during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.
January 1919: The Hutsul Republic was declared on January 8, 1919, in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine.
June 1919: The Hutsul Republic was occupied by Hungarian police.
October 1919: The territory of Hutsul accepted the admission into the First Czechoslovak Republic in September 1919, where it remained during the interwar period.
Was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the territory of Cieszyn Silesia in early 1919.
February 1919: The Czechoslovak army withdrew to the new Green Line, established by the International Commission Agreement on the basis of the Czechoslovak-Polish Treaty, concluded on 3 February 1919 in Paris.
January 1919: Cieszyn Silesia was taken over by Czechoslovak forces on 27 January 1919. Polish troops retreated to the Vistula river.
Was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria.
16.1.Second Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
May 1919: The remaining Slovene units continued to retreat back into lower Styria, while almost all of the Carinthian area that was gained during the winter clashes was lost to the advancing Austrian units. The last to fall was Dravograd.
November 1920: The border in Carinthia was decided through a Plebiscite after the treaty of Saint Germain. Most of the population voted for Austria. The region was placed under Austrian administration on 18 November 1920 and declared part of the sovereign Austrian Republic on November 22.
May 1919: Before the Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
June 1919: The Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
May 1919: On 2 May Austrian Carinthian units took control of Völkermarkt.
May 1919: The Austrian counter-offensive reached the Gallizien-Apače-Sankt Margareten im Rosental line.
16.2.Third Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
June 1919: On May 26 a new Yugoslav offensive was authorised which lasted throughout May and until June 6, during which they managed to capture much of the Klagenfurt region to as north as Maria Saal.
16.3.First Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
November 1919: From November 27 onward, the Slovene fighters under direct command of Maister, took control of Spielfeld, Bad Radkersburg, Mureck, Leutschach, Marenberg, and Muta, while the units from Celje under command of Franjo Malgaj took control of the Meža Valley and Bleiburg.
November 1919: Captain Rudolf Knez entered Sittersdorf (Žitara vas) and settled his units there.
November 1919: Captain Alfred Lavrič's unit (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was designated to be in charge of capturing Carinthia, and began taking control of the territory on 13 November, when his units entered the Jaun Valley and Ferlach.
November 1919: Units from Ljubljana took control of Dravograd, Lavamünd and Sankt Paul. The capture of Völkermarkt on November 30 sparked much criticism, as it allegedly wasn't included in the demarcation line plans.
Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
17.1.Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI
Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.
May 1919: The occupation of Smyrna was the military control by Greek forces of the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.
May 1919: The Greeks brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region).
17.2.Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.
March 1921: Greek I Army Corps took Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhib (present-day Afyonkarahisar).
July 1920: Alaşehir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Kula was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bandırma, Kirmasti and Karacabey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Nazilli was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gemlik and Mudanya were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: İznik was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gediz and Ulubey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Uşak was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
September 1920: Gains from Greek Offensive by August 1920.
September 1920: Simav was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1921: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir.
January 1921: The Greek advance in Turkey was halted for the first time at the First Battle of İnönü.
August 1920: Karamürsel was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Kırkağaç, Soma and Salihli were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1921: Gains from Greek Offensive by July 1921.
July 1920: Balıkesir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
September 1921: Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under Ismet Inönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres west of Ankara.
March 1921: Turkish Army Officer İsmet İnönü attacked again after receiving reinforcements, and recaptured Metristepe.
August 1920: Bursa was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
17.3.Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya
Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.
September 1921: After Greek retreat, Turkish forces managed to retake Sivrihisar.
17.4.Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.
August 1922: The major Greek defense positions were overrun, and Afyon fell to Ottoman forces.
September 1922: On September 2, 1922, Eskişehir was captured by the Turkish National Forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
September 1922: Aydın conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1922: Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control.
September 1922: Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on September 9.
September 1922: Gemlik and Mudanya fell to the Ottomans on September 11.
September 1922: The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed.
September 1922: Anisa was taken by the Ottomans on September 8.
September 1922: On 16 September the last Greek troops left Çeşme.
September 1922: Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the Maritsa in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.
September 1922: Balıkesir and Bilecik were taken by the Ottomans on September 6.
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in the Pokuttya region.
August 1919: In late summer of 1919 Polish troops entered Pokuttya (see Polish-Ukrainian War) and the Romanians withdrew to their country.
May 1919: During the interwar period, Romania was Poland's main ally in Eastern Europe. To actively cooperate, governments in Bucharest and Warsaw emphasized the necessity of a shared border. The proposal was accepted by the Polish leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and on May 24, 1919 by the Romanian Army. Infantry Division, led by General Iacob Zadik, entered Pokuttya. After three days, the Romanians met the Poles in the area of Kalusz. As the Polish Army was involved in other conflicts (chiefly with the Soviets), the Romanians stayed in Pokuttya until late August 1919.
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Hungary.
August 1919: The Hungarian Soviet Republic ended when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the Romanian forces.
February 1920: On 29 February 1920, the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy, ending the republic, and in March, annulled both the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 and the Compromise of 1867. The parliament postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided. Former Austro-Hungarian admiral Miklós Horthy became regent, a position he would hold until 1944.
Was a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny.
September 1919: After several military skirmishes, Polish forces secured Sejny and the Lithuanians retreated behind the Foch Line.
Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.
The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
March 1935: After a plebiscite was held in 1935, the Territory of the Saar Basin was returned to Germany.
Attempted coup in Berlin on 13 March 1920 which aimed to undo the German Revolution of 1918-1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish an autocratic government in its place.
A left-wing workers' revolt in the Ruhr region of Germany.
The treaty ended the Greco-Turkish conflict and redrew the borders established by the Treaty of Sèvres.
July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.
Selected Sources
Ahmet N.O. (1986): Kula, Katakekaumene (Yanık yöre): 2000 yıl önce Strabon'un adını koyduğu yöre, Öğrenci Basimevi, pp. 137-138.
Biermann, W. (2017): Konrad Adenauer: Ein Jahrhundertleben, Hamburg (Germany)
Lück, D. (1933): Rheinlandbesetzung. In: Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon, Düsseldorf (Germany), p. 341-343
Sayhan, M. (2006): Milli Mücadele'de Çivril, (1919-1922), Kitsan, pp. 15-18
Aftermath of World War I
