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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Karamanli dynasty
Tripolitanian Republic
Libya (Italy)
French Military Administration in Fezzan
Kingdom of Libya
Libyan Arab Republic
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
National Transitional Council of Libya
State of Libya
Establishment
January 1712: In 1711 Turkish officer Ahmed Bey Karamanli, overthrew the pasha of Tripoli and founded a dynasty that governed Tripoli for the next 124 years. Karamanli recognized the nominal Ottoman suzerainty, however Lybia was practically independent.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
A popular revolt at the end of a period of civil war in Tripolitania led by the Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli against the ruling Tripolitanian bey, in which Karamanli seized control of Tripoli and installed himself as the head of the Karamanli dynasty, which ruled over Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan for 124 years as a semi-autonomous Ottoman province.
were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the early 19th century. The wars were largely a reaction to piracy carried out by the Barbary states.
2.1.First Barbary War
Was a conflict in which the United States and Sweden fought against Tripolitania after the latter had requested a tributary payment in exchange for a cessation of Tripolitatian commerce raiding at sea.
May 1805: The Americans capture the city of Derna in May 1805.
June 1805: A peace agreement is reached between the United State and the "Barbary state" of Tripoli. End of the First Barbary War.
Was an Italian military campaign to conquer the interior of Libya after the creation of Italian Libya, which initially controlled only the coastal part of the region.
3.1.Italian military operations in Tripolitania
Were the Italian military operations to conquer Tripolitania during the Pacification of Libya.
January 1922: At dawn on January 26, 1922, carrying out a tactical surprise, the Carabinieri, Zaptié and Eritreans landed in Misurata Marittima, occupying the locality. It was the beginning of the turning point which in just over a year would end with the occupation of all of Tripolitania.
June 1922: On 1 June 1922, with a convergent maneuver, four columns, one of which commanded by the unknown Colonel Graziani, fell on Nalut surprising the rebels.
November 1922: The Italian army occupied Gefara and Garian.
February 1923: On the morning of February 6, the Graziani column quickly aimed at Tarhuna and, breaking down the last resistance of the enemy, entered it at 6 pm.
February 1923: Ras el Gattar conquered by italy.
February 1923: On the 23rd, the Italian Pizzari column occupied Zliten.
February 1923: The Italian forces of the Graziani column reached Bir Rabbud.
February 1923: Bir Fallagia conquered by italy.
June 1923: In May Taorga was reached by Italian forces.
December 1923: Between December 15 and 22, the Mezzetti and Marghinotti columns from the east converged on Sedada.
December 1923: Overcoming stiff resistance, the Graziani column entered Beni Ulid.
February 1924: Italian advancement on Sinauen which was occupied on the 7th.
February 1924: Adames which occupied by Italian forces on the 15th.
April 1924: Misda was easily reoccupied by Italian forces.
November 1924: On 23 November 1924 the Italian army entered Sirte.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
4.1.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
April 1943: The Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames was a territory in the southern part of the former Italian colony of Libya occupied and administered by the French from 1943.
4.1.1.Operation Compass
Was a British military operation against Italian forces in Western Egypt and Cyrenaica.
January 1941: Battle of Bardia.
January 1941: British conquest of Tobruk.
February 1941: British conquest of Derna.
February 1941: British conquest of Beda Fomm.
March 1941: British forces captured Kufra.
March 1941: Siege of Giarabub by British forces.
4.1.2.Operation Sonnenblume
Was a joint German and Italian military Campaign against British forces in Cyrenaica, during World War II.
March 1941: The Axis force raided and quickly defeated the British at El Agheila.
March 1941: Mersa Brega conquered by italy.
April 1941: German Group Schwerin was out of fuel and stranded near Ben Gania.
April 1941: The German units of Group Schwerin arrived in Mechili.
April 1941: Ponath reached the coast road and advanced on the airfield south of Derna.
April 1941: Siege of Tobruk.
April 1941: By 15 April, Italian troops pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk.
4.1.3.Operation Crusader
Was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces.
November 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
December 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
4.1.4.Battle of Gazala
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, during World War II.
May 1942: Advancement of Axis forces in North Africa by c. 27 may.
June 1942: German General Klopper's forces occupy Tobruk.
June 1942: Allied forces retreat and withdraw from Gazala. It will be totally occupied on June 21, 1942 by the Axis forces.
June 1942: British withdrawal to Bardia.
4.1.5.British Invasion of Libya
Was a British military campaign in Italian Libya during World War II that resulted in the occupation of the region.
4.1.5.1.Second Battle of El Alamein
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein.
November 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
4.1.5.2.Battle of El-Agheila
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place in Libya.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt. Sirte falls to the British Eighth Army.
January 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
February 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
Was a short border war fought between Libya and Egypt.
July 1977: A Libyan tank battalion raided the town of Sallum.
July 1977: A substantial Egyptian mechanised force (possibly as large as two divisions) advanced into Libya along the coast towards the town of Musaid. Aside from a few tank clashes, the Libyans retreated in face of the incursion.
August 1977: End of Libyan raid to the town of Sallum.
August 1977: After advancing 24 kilometres into Libya, the Egyptians withdrew over the border.
A series of conflictes between Libya and Chad caused by border disputes over the Aouzou stripe.
August 1978: On the night of August 27, 1978, Ahmat Acyl, leader of the Islamist faction of FROLINAT known as the Armée Volcan, attacked Faya-Largeau with the support of Libyan forces in what was an apparent attempt by Gaddafi to remove Goukouni from leading the movement.
November 1980: In early October, Libyan troops, led by Khalifa Haftar and Ahmed Oun, entered the Aouzou strip.
December 1981: On October 29, Goukouni demanded the complete and unequivocal withdrawal of Libyan troops from Chadian territory, which, starting from the capital, was completed by December 31. The Libyans redeployed in the Aouzou strip.
November 1982: With Libyan support, Goukouni put the GUNT back on its feet by establishing itself in October in Bardaï.
June 1983: Faya-Largeau in northern Chad is occupied by Libyan forces.
July 1983: Goukouni's forces were defeated and Habré launched a vast counter-offensive which allowed him to retake Abéché, Biltine, Fada in rapid succession.
July 1983: Faya-Largeau conquered by Republic of Chad.
August 1983: In 1983, the GUNT forces, led by former Chadian President Goukouni Oueddei, advanced quickly towards the towns of Koro Toro, Oum Chalouba, and Abéché in Chad.
August 1983: The GUNT-Libyan alliance invested the Faya-Largeau oasis.
August 1983: The French government established a limit (Red Line) along the 15th parallel, from Mao to Abéché, and warned that it would not tolerate any incursions south of this line by Libyan or GUNT troops. Both the French and the Libyans remained on their side of the line, effectively dividing Chad in two.
January 1987: In 1987, Chadian President Hissène Habré launched an offensive to retake the northern territories from Libyan forces. The attack on the heavily fortified Libyan communications base in Fada marked the beginning of Habré's successful reconquest of the region.
April 1987: Chadian assaults on B'ir Kora and Ouadi Doum.
September 1987: Aouzou fell to the FANTs.
September 1987: Chad's army also entered Libyan territory and destroyed three air bases in the southern Libyan desert.
September 1987: The ceasefire left open the dispute over the Aouzou strip.
6.1.Occupation of Aouzou Strip
Was the military invasion and occupation of the Aozou Stripe, in Chad, by Libyan forces.
July 1973: Tombalbaye broke diplomatic relations with Israel and is said to have secretly agreed on 28 November to cede the Aouzou Strip to Libya. In exchange, Gaddafi pledged 40 million pounds to the Chadian President and the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in December 1972. Six months after the signing of the 1972 treaty, Libyan troops moved into the Strip and established an airbase just north of Aouzou, protected by surface-to-air missiles. A civil administration was set up, attached to Kufra, and Libyan citizenship was extended to the few thousand inhabitants of the area. From that moment, Libyan maps represented the area as part of Libya.
6.2.Ibrahim Abatcha offensive
Was a Libyan offensive against Chad that resulted in the occupation of northern Chad by Libyan forces.
February 1978: Ibrahim Abatcha offensive on 29 January 1978 against the last outposts held by the government in northern Chad: Faya-Largeau, Fada and Ounianga Kébir. The attacks were successful, and Oueddei and the Libyans assumed control of the BET Prefecture.
Initially a series of anti-government protests and revolts across the Arab world, it soon evolved into a series of wars. The wars caused by the revolts are sometimes referred to as the Arab Winter.
7.1.Libyan Civil Wars
Were two civil wars in Libya that started with an uprising against the regime of Muammar Gaddafi.
7.1.1.Libyan Civil War (2011)
Was a civil war in Libya that begun with protests against the government of dictator Muammar Gaddafi during the Arab Spring, a wave of protests through the Middle East and North Africa. The war resulted in the overthrow and death of Gaddafi.
February 2011: Rebel advancement during the Battle of Misrata.
March 2011: Pro-Gaddafi soldiers in the town of Jalu, some 200 km south of Ajdabiya, surrendered to rebel forces.
March 2011: By evening of 28 March 2011, the rebels had advanced to about 50 km from Sirte.
June 2011: By mid-June 2011, the Eastern Desert was under the control of forces answering to the National Transitional Council in Benghazi.
July 2011: The Rebels (Libya) captured Ghazaya.
August 2011: Msallata rebels reported to AFP that pro-Gaddafi forces did not control the town.
August 2011: Rebels in western Libya claimed they had taken Nasr and Bir Shuaib.
August 2011: Battle of Tawergha.
August 2011: On 14 August, rebels captured the city of Sorman.
August 2011: A rebel spokesman announced the capture of Ajaylat.
August 2011: Opposition forces announced that Tripoli was cut off from supplies and effectively besieged.
August 2011: Sabratha had been taken by rebels on 15 August.
August 2011: A rebel spokesman in the Nafusa Mountains said loyalist forces had abandoned Tiji and Badr and anti-Gaddafi forces had entered both towns.
August 2011: Zliten was taken by rebel forces.
August 2011: Rebel forces captured the centre of Brega after much fighting.
August 2011: Second Battle of Zawiya.
August 2011: Rebels were forced to retreat from Al Maya.
August 2011: Bab al-Azizia was completely overrun by rebels after defeating loyalists based there.
August 2011: Rebels took control of Ra's Lanuf.
August 2011: Al Jazeera reported that anti-Gaddafi forces took control of the Ras Ajdir border crossing with Tunisia.
August 2011: Rebels claimed to have gained control of the desert village of Al Wigh.
August 2011: Al Jazeera reported that late in the day, the NLA finally seized control of Bin Jawad.
August 2011: Battle of Tripoli (2011).
August 2011: An Al Jazeera correspondent, reporting live from Nofaliya, a town in the Sirte District, said that anti-Gaddafi forces were in full control of the town.
September 2011: Anti-Gaddafi forces claimed to have taken the Red Valley east of Sirte.
September 2011: The Rebels (Libya) Captured three oasis towns: Al-Jufra - Hun, Waddan and Sokna.
October 2011: Anti-Gaddafi forces captured the city of Bani Walid after a six-week siege.
October 2011: Battle of Sirte (2011).
October 2011: At a ceremony in Benghazi, where the revolution had begun eight months before, NTC Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil officially declared Libya to be "liberated" and the Civil War to be over.
7.1.1.1.Early Protest Phase of the First Libyan Civil War
Was the initial phase of the First Libyan Civil War which consisted of protests against the dictatorship of Muammar Gaddafi.
February 2011: Protesters in Bayda succeeded in capturing its military airbase.
February 2011: The Libyan army withdrew from the city of Bayda.
February 2011: Demonstrators in Benghazi had reportedly taken control of Benina International Airport.
February 2011: In the Tuareg towns of Ghat and Ubari the citizens reportedly attacked government buildings and police stations.
February 2011: Rebels take over Benghazi.
February 2011: Paris-based International Federation for Human Rights said that the anti-Gaddafi protesters also controlled Sirte, Misrata, Khoms, the Tarhunah District, Zintan, Zawiya and Zuwara.
February 2011: Both coastal Tripolitania and most of northern Cyrenaica were in rebel hands by 23 February 2011.
February 2011: Misrata was confirmed to be under protester control.
February 2011: Protesters assumed complete control of Tobruk.
February 2011: The dual military and civilian Mitiga International Airport, about 11 kilometres east of Tripoli, seemed to have been taken over by anti-Gaddafi protesters.
February 2011: Pro-Gaddafi forces tried to retake control of the western border crossings with Tunisia that had fallen under opposition control.
March 2011: The eastern towns of Brega, Bishr, El Agheila, Sultan and Zuwetina are under opposition control.
March 2011: Rebels in the southwest city of Ghadames managed to take control of the city.
March 2011: The opposition forces managed to capture the entire town of Ra's Lanuf, including the airbase.
March 2011: Following the Battle of Ra's Lanuf, rebel forces advanced along the Mediterranean coast and captured the town of Bin Jawad.
7.1.1.2.2011 Nafusa Mountains campaign
Was a series of battles in the Libyan Civil War, fought between loyalist pro-Gaddafi forces and rebel anti-Gaddafi forces in the Nafusa Mountains.
February 2011: Most of the towns in the Nafusa Mountains were under opposition control.
March 2011: Gharyan was overrun by government troops.
March 2011: Gharyan had been retaken by the government on the same day as the nearby city of Sabratha.
March 2011: Pro-Gaddafi forces retake Gharyan, Kikla, Yafran and Rayayna from early March to late May.
April 2011: Government troops captured the town of Kikla and started.
April 2011: Yafran had been taken by loyalist forces.
April 2011: Loyalist forces re-captured the Wazzin border crossing.
May 2011: Rebels had apparently retaken the border crossing at Wazzin.
June 2011: Rebels captured the towns of Shakshuk and Gasr Al-Hajj.
June 2011: Rebels reported that they had recaptured Yafran.
June 2011: Rebels captured the whole village of Al-Rayayna.
June 2011: On 14 June, rebels recaptured the town of Kikla after Gaddafi forces pulled out of the town and retreated.
July 2011: Al-Qawalish was finally captured by rebels after six hours of fighting.
August 2011: The rebels lost al-Jawsh again.
August 2011: Bir al-Ghanam was under rebel control.
August 2011: Battle of Gharyan.
7.1.1.3.Government Counterattack - Libyan Civil War (2011)
Was the military counterattack of the government forces against the rebels during the First Libyan Civil War.
March 2011: Government forces won the Battle of Bin Jawad.
March 2011: First Battle of Zawiya is won by government forces.
March 2011: The Battle of Ra's Lanuf is won by government forces.
March 2011: Before dawn on 13 March, pro-Gaddafi forces, advancing eastward from Ra's Lanuf, had taken the town of Uqayla and the village of Bisher.
March 2011: The Second Battle of Brega is won by government forces.
March 2011: During the first phase of the Battle of Ajdabiya, pro-Gaddafi forces seized the strategic road junction leading to Benghazi and Tobruk, and captured most of the city of Ajdabiya.
March 2011: Libyan rebels, backed by extensive allied air raids, seized control of the frontline oil town of Ajdabiya from Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's forces.
7.1.1.4.First Gulf of Sidra offensive
Was a rebel military offensive during the First Libyan Civil War.
March 2011: Rebel forces recaptured Ajdabiya after Gaddafi forces retreated and with little threat also captured Brega.
March 2011: Opposition forces continued their push capturing Ra's Lanuf.
March 2011: The rebels had entered Bin Jawad.
March 2011: Rebel forces advanced further west toward Sirte and took the town of Nofaliya.
March 2011: Pro-Gaddafi forces intensified attacks on Libyan rebels, forcing them to retreat from Nofaliya to Bin Jawad.
March 2011: Intense fighting over Bin Jawad was reported, including artillery duels, before the rebels fled in hundreds of vehicles, abandoning the town.
March 2011: In the evening, the BBC News reported that Brega was in control of pro-Gaddafi forces.
March 2011: Loyalist forces recaptured the oil refinery town of Ra's Lanuf.
April 2011: Pro-Gaddafi forces entered Ajdabiya on 9 April.
April 2011: Rebel forces re-took the town of Ajdabiya by 11 April.
7.1.1.5.Cyrenaican desert campaign
Was a military campaign conducted by the Libyan military against rebel-held towns and oil facilities in the eastern Libyan Desert.
April 2011: The security chief for the Kufra region, Saleh Muhammad al-Zaruq, declared his, and his troops, support for the rebels.
April 2011: Loyalist forces entered the town of Kufra, also called Al Jawf, which is the capital of the Kufra District and re-took control of the town.
May 2011: The rebels claimed to have re-taken Kufra.
7.1.1.6.Fezzan campaign (First Libyan Civil War)
Was a rebel military offensive in Fezzan during the First Libyan Civil War.
July 2011: They secured the Tumu border crossing and took Qatrun, without a shot, also capturing a military airfield and outpost at Al Wigh.
July 2011: Loyalist forces attacked Qatrun three times before finally recapturing it.
August 2011: Toubou tribal fighters reportedly captured Murzuk.
September 2011: Anti-Gaddafi forces had taken control over the towns of Brak and Gira.
September 2011: The rest of the towns in Wadi al Shatii District were peacefully taken by NTC forces.
September 2011: The NTC announced that they took control over the town of Jufra and surrounding area.
September 2011: On 19 September, NTC forces took over Zella.
September 2011: Battle of Sabha.
September 2011: An NTC commander in Sabha told CNN that his forces have taken control over the town of Ubari.
September 2011: NTC forces took control over Ghat airport, located north of the city and a day later Ghat itself and the Tinkarine border crossing with Algeria.
7.1.2.Libyan Civil War (2014-present)
Was a civil war in Libya involving several factions, but later evolving in a conflict mainly between the House of Representatives in Tobruk and the Government of National Accord in Tripoli. Despites the existence of an interim unity government since 2021, territorial factual control remains divided.
August 2012: Handover of power from the National Transitional Council of Libya to the elected General National Congress.
March 2021: On 23 October 2020, the Joint Libyan Military Commission reached a permanent ceasefire agreement in all areas of Libya. On 10 March 2021, an interim unity government was formed, which was slated to remain in place until the next Libyan presidential election scheduled for 24 December that year. However, the election has been delayed several times since, effectively rendering the unity government in power indefinitely.
January 1833: When the ruler of Tropolitania, Yusuf, abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, a civil war erupted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.
November 1918: The Tripolitanian Republic was an Arab republic that declared the independence of Tripolitania from Italian Libya after World War I.
January 1934: The Italian colonies in Lybia are merged into the colony of Italian Lybia.
January 1935: The Sarra Triangle was ceded to Italian Libya in 1934.
January 1935: After prolonged discussions through the 1920s, in 1935, under the Mussolini-Laval agreement, Italy received the Aouzou strip, which was added to Libya.
December 1951: Tripolitania joined Cyrenaica and Fezzan-Ghadames to form the Kingdom of Libya (with autonomy).
September 1969: A coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969 overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic.
March 1977: Jamahiriya established.
Selected Sources
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.216
North Africa, Auchinleck's Offensive, 18 November-31 December 1941. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope35Combined.jpg
North Africa, Graziani's Advance And Wavell's Offensive,13 September 1940 -7 February 1941. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope34Combined.jpg
Pursuit To Tunisia, November 1942-February 1943. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope38Combined.jpg
St. John, R.B. (2014): Historical Dictionary of Libya, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 187
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.42
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