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The cluster covers all the forms of the Duchy of Normandy, including the Jersey and Guernsey which are the modern-day remnants of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Normandy (West Francia)
Duchy of Normandy
Duchy of Normandy (England)
Bailiwick of Jersey (England)
Bailiwick of Guernsey (England)
Bailiwick of Guernsey (Crown Dependency)
Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown Dependency)
Establishment
December 911: The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Is the foundational document of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 920: In 919, after the death of Conrad I of Germany, the Magyars raided Saxony, Lotharingia and West France.
February 920: End of the 919 Magyar raid in Saxony, Lotharingia and West France.
January 927: In 926, the Hungarians ravaged Swabia and Alsace, campaigned through present-day Luxembourg and reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean.
February 927: In 926, the Hungarians ravaged Swabia and Alsace, campaigned through present-day Luxembourg and reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean. After the raid, the Magyars left the occupied territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
Was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by the army of the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror.
September 1066: The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. They landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September.
October 1066: The Normans erected a wooden castle at Hastings.
October 1066: The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
October 1066: William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, Berkshire, while there he received the submission of Stigand.
November 1066: William advanced, marching around the coast of Kent to London. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark.
December 1066: The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066.
June 1068: The Siege of Exeter occurred in 1068 when William I marched a combined army of Normans and Englishmen loyal to the king west to force the submission of Exeter, a stronghold of Anglo-Saxon resistance against Norman rule.
3.1.Harrying of the North
Was a series of military campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069-1070 to subjugate northern England.
January 1070: Sweyn II of Denmark landed with an army, in much the same way as Harald Hardrada. He took control of York after defeating the Norman garrison and inciting a local uprising.
April 1070: King William defeated the Danish forces and devastated the region of York in the Harrying of the North.
Was a civil war in England and Normandy between 1138 and 1153 that followed the death of King Henry I.
January 1135: Robert of Gloucester, illegitimate son of Henry I and half-brother of the Empress Matilda, one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, as he controlled large estates in Normandy and was Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the king in Kent and south- west of England.
December 1135: David of Scotland, related to Matilda on her mother's side, Queen Margaret, once again invaded the north of England, pressing southward into Yorkshire.
April 1136: The royal army marched north rapidly, and Stephen of England met David of Scotland at Durham. Here an agreement was reached whereby David would return most of the acquired territories, with the exception of Carlisle.
January 1137: In 1136, following the Welsh victory in January at the Battle of Llwchwr, in the county of Glamorgan, and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April of the same year, a rebellion broke out in south Wales.
January 1139: The English king took the opportunity of his military advantage to reach an agreement with Scotland: Matilda of Boulogne, wife of the king, was sent to negotiate a treaty between her husband, King Stephen, and David I of Scotland. With the Treaty of Durham, Northumbria and Cumbria were granted to the Scottish king.
January 1139: Dover surrendered to the forces of Stephen.
January 1139: Still as part of the maneuvers aimed at stemming the now rampant civil war, Stephen himself went west in an attempt to regain control of Gloucestershire, first striking in the north of the Welsh Marches, taking Hereford and Strewsbury, and then moving towards Bath.
November 1139: Matilda now controlled a compact block of territories: in the southwest from Gloucester and Bristol up to Devon and Cornwall, in the west in the Welsh Marches and in the east up to Oxford and Wallingford (see the situation shown on the map).
April 1140: Nigel, Bishop of Ely, was a supporter of Matilda, who was in a power struggle with King Stephen for the English throne. After having his castles confiscated by Stephen, Nigel rebelled against the king in 1140 in Ely.
January 1141: Stephen brought an armada into the Fens and using pontoon bridges to form a causeway which enabled him to make a surprise attack on Ely island. Nigel managed to escape from Gloucester but his men and castles were captured, thus restoring order to the east.
February 1141: Battle of lincoln.
June 1141: On June 24, shortly before the planned coronation, the city of London rose against Matilda and Geoffrey de Mandeville. Matilda and her supporters managed to escape in a chaotic retreat towards Oxford.
August 1141: Godfrey of Anjou invaded Normandy again and, in the absence of Waleran of Beaumont, who was still fighting in England, took possession of all the duchies south of the Seine and east of the Risle.
December 1142: Shortly before Christmas, Empress Matilda managed to flee the castle on foot, crossed the frozen river and reached Wallingford, leaving the castle garrison free to surrender the following day.
February 1144: Godfrey of Anjou finished securing southern Normandy and in January 1144 advanced as far as Rouen, the capital of the duchy, concluding his campaign. Louis VII of France recognized him as Duke of Normandy shortly thereafter.
December 1154: After the death of Stephen of England, he is succeeded by Henry of Anjou. The Treaty of Wallingford had allowed Stephen to keep the crown until his death, but at the same time had forced him to recognize Henry of Anjou (also known as Henry FitzEmpress), son of Matilde, as his successor.
Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
5.1.Edwardian War
Was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1360.
5.1.1.English Channel naval campaig
Were a protracted series of raids conducted by the nascent French navy and numerous private raiders and pirates against English towns, shipping and islands in the English Channel.
October 1338: The island of Sark, which had been plundered as early as 1337, is taken without a fight.
October 1338: Guernsey likewise capitulated after some skirmishes.
5.1.2.Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty that marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). By virtue of this treaty, Edward III of England obtained large territorial gains in southwestern France.
October 1360: In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed between King Edward III of England and King John II of France. The treaty transferred the Channel Islands, including Guernsey, from French suzerainty to English control. This marked a significant shift in the territorial ownership of the islands.
In 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, who had died childless, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
March 1603: James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
8.1.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
June 1940: German occupation of the Channel Islands, which lasted for most of World War II.
8.2.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
8.2.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: German forces on the Channel Islands surrender.
January 934: The Channel Islands remained politically linked to Brittany until 933, when William Longsword, Duke of Normandy seized the Cotentin and the islands and added them to his domain.
July 987: Establishment of the Capetian dynasty of France in 987.
September 1087: William the conqueror's lands were divided after his death: Normandy went to his son Robert, and England went to his second surviving son, William Rufus.
September 1106: In 1106, Henry of England defeated his brother Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown.
December 1135: On the death of King Henry I in 1135, Cumberland was regained by Scotland's King David I.
January 1140: Until the thirteenth century the borders of Scotland with England were very fluid, with Northumbria being annexed to Scotland by David I. After another invasion by his father, Henry of England was finally invested with the Earldom of Northumberland in 1139.
January 1144: Geoffrey V of Anjou, also known as Geoffrey Plantagenet, was a powerful medieval nobleman who became Duke of Normandy through military conquest in 1144.
December 1154: Stephen of England recognised Henry of Anjou as his heir. Stephen died the next year and Henry ascended the throne as Henry II, the first Angevin king of England.
January 1291: In 1290, King Edward I of England separated the Channel Islands from the Duchy of Normandy, establishing them as Crown dependencies under the jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. This marked the beginning of their governance as autonomous territories under the English Crown.
January 1291: In 1290, the island of Jersey became part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, a Crown dependency of England. This marked the beginning of the Channel Islands being governed as Crown dependencies, with their own unique legal and political systems.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
Selected Sources
Israel, J. I. (1995): The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, Clarendon Press, pp. 959-960
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
normandy
