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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
German East Africa
German East Africa Company
German East Africa (Military Occupation)
Tanganyika (Great Britain)
Tanganyika
Republic of Tanganyka
United Republic of Tanzania
United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
Establishment
January 1885: In the fall of 1884, Germans started an expedition to East Africa. Carl Peters, Joachim Graf von Pfeil, Karl Ludwig Jühlke and the merchant August Otto traveled to Zanzibar and crossed over to the opposite mainland. In the hinterland of the mainland possessions of the Sultan of Zanzibar, Peters visited local chiefs and presented them with German-language "protection contracts", which he was able to persuade twelve local rulers who did not speak German to sign. In this way, claims to power were acquired in the regions of Usegua, Nguru, Usagara and Ukami. After the letter of protection was issued, Peters founded the limited partnership “Deutsch-Ostafrika Gesellschaft Karl Peters und Genossen” on April 2, 1885, which was entered in the commercial register in Berlin.
February 1885: When Peters returned to Berlin with his contracts during the Congo Conference and threatened an agreement with the Belgian King Leopold[4], the chancellor gave in for domestic political reasons and issued a letter of protection signed by Kaiser Wilhelm I on February 27, 1885. This letter of protection legitimized the occupation of East African territories under the name Deutsch-Ostafrika.
June 1885: The Khutu Expedition was led by German explorer Dr. Karl Ludwig von Khutu in German East Africa. The contract signed with Golongo was likely for trade or land acquisition purposes in the Rufiji and Ulanga area.
November 1885: Usaramo-Expedition.
December 1885: Zweite Nyassa-Expedition - second expedition led by German explorer Hermann von Wissmann in 1885. The expedition aimed to establish German control over the regions of Ubena, Uhehe, Magindo, Mahenge, and Matschonde in German East Africa.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
1.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
January 1917: During World War I, Belgian troops from the neighbouring Belgian Congo invaded actual Rwanda and Burundi and occupied it.
November 1918: The German leader in the African Great Lakes, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, did not surrender until notified about the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war.
1.1.1.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
1.1.1.1.Fall of Taveta
Was the conquest of Taveta (Kenya) by German forces during World War I.
August 1914: Taveta, a town on the British side of Kilimanjaro, was captured by two companies of Askari (German colonial troops) from German East Africa.
1.1.1.2.British Offensive (East African campaign)
Was the British offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
March 1916: British conquest of Taveta.
March 1916: British conquest of Moshi.
April 1916: British conquest of Arusha.
April 1916: British conquest of Kondoa-Irangi.
June 1916: British conquest of Handeni.
July 1916: British conquest of Bukoba.
July 1916: British conquest of Mwanza.
August 1916: British conquest of Malangali.
August 1916: British conquest of Dodoma, Kilosa.
August 1916: British conquest of Morogoro.
August 1916: British conquest of Iringa.
September 1916: British conquest of Dar-Es-Salaam.
September 1916: British conquest of Kilwa and Lindi.
1.1.1.3.Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)
Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
May 1916: Belgian conquest of Kigali.
August 1916: Belgian conquest of Ujiji.
September 1916: Belgian conquest of Tabora.
October 1917: British conquest of Mahenge.
1.1.1.4.German Invasion of Portuguese East Africa
Was the German invasion of Portuguese Mozambique during World War I.
November 1917: German conquest of Ngomano.
1.1.1.5.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
1.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
1.2.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
1.2.1.1.Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.
January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
Was a war between Uganda and Tanzania that started after an Ugandan incursion in Tanzanian territory and ended with in the overthrow of Ugandan President Idi Amin and the occupation of Uganda by Tanzanian forces.
2.1.Uganda invades Tanzania
Was a small invasion of Tanzania by Ugandan forces that started the Uganda-Tanzania War.
November 1978: In October 1978 Ugandan forces began making incursions into Tanzania. Later that month the Uganda Army launched an invasion, looting property and killing civilians. Ugandan official media declared the annexation of the Kagera Salient.
2.2.Tanzania invades Uganda
Was a full-scale invasion of Uganda by Tanzanian forces resulting in the overthrow of Ugandan President Idi Amin.
December 1978: On 4 December 1978, the Tanzanian People's Defence Force's 206th and Southern Brigades, led by President Julius Nyerere, secured Mutukula on the Tanzanian side of the border with Uganda.
January 1979: The TPDF launched a counteroffensive, re-securing Kagera by January 1979.
February 1979: Battle of Simba Hills.
February 1979: Battle of Gayaza Hills.
February 1979: The Tanzanian 20th Division launched an offensive in February and occupied the towns of Masaka and Mbarara that had been occupied by the forces of Ugandan dictator Amin Dada.
March 1979: Battle of Tororo.
March 1979: In 1979, during the Uganda-Tanzania War, Tanzanian forces led by President Julius Nyerere and Ugandan rebels defeated a combined Ugandan-Libyan-Palestinian force at Lukaya, marking a significant turning point in the conflict.
April 1979: Battle of Sembabule.
April 1979: In early April 1979, the Tanzanian People's Defence Force (TPDF) seized the airport in Entebbe, Uganda, during the Uganda-Tanzania War. The operation was led by Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere and resulted in heavy casualties for Libyan troops and the destruction of the Uganda Army Air Force.
April 1979: Fall of Kampala to Tanzanian forces.
April 1979: Battle of Bombo.
April 1979: Battle of Jinja.
May 1979: Battle of Lira.
May 1979: Battle of Karuma Falls.
June 1979: The war ended when the TPDF reached the Sudanese border and expelled the last pro-Amin forces from Uganda.
January 1886: The Second Kilimanjaro Expedition in 1885 was led by German explorer Hans Meyer and Austrian mountaineer Ludwig Purtscheller. They successfully reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, on October 6, 1889. This expedition marked the first recorded ascent of the mountain.
February 1886: Sabaki Expedition: First contacts made by the Germans with the Galla ethnic group on the Tana River. From the German's point of view, this was the "acquisition of Giriyama, the Wanika lands, the Galla areas and Ukamba".
June 1886: Second Usagara Expedition: Foundation of the stations Dunda, Madimola and Usungula on the Kingani River in the center of what later became German East Africa.
October 1886: The governments of Great Britain and Germany negotiated a delimitation of their spheres of interest and, on October 29, 1886, agreed on a division of East Africa into zones of interest, whereby Germany was assigned the southern part and Great Britain the northern part (today's Kenya).
January 1889: The Masai region was fe facto divided between the Germans and the British as the territory extended over both states.
July 1890: Conquest of Kingdom of Soukouma. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: In 1890, Burundi became part of the German colonial empire as part of German East Africa. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: German colonial rule began for Buhaya in 1890. In July, Germany and Great Britain laid down their territorial claims.
July 1890: By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
July 1890: Conquest of Kingdom of Buzinza. By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
January 1891: By 1st july 1890 Germany controlled all of Tanganyka (the continental part of modern-day Tanzania), Burundi and Rwanda as with the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty the treaty with the East Africa Protectorate controlled by Britain was fixed.
January 1892: The Heru Kingdom falls under German administration.
January 1896: Kanyangereko is annexed by the Germans.
January 1901: Kiziba became part of German East Africa.
December 1961: Tanganyika, under the leadership of Julius Nyerere, gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961.
December 1962: Tanganyika became a Republic.
April 1964: Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika to create the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
April 1964: After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April, Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day.
October 1964: Born of the United Republic of Tanzania.
Selected Sources
Langer, W. L. (1951): The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902, (1951) , Cambridge (USA), pp. 6-10
Strachan, H. (2001): The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 641
The Great War in East Africa. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 April 2021 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg
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