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Was a short-lived Empire, that ruled over eastern Europe and the Balkans, created by the Huns, a nomadic people of central Asia.
Establishment
January 371: The last Bosporan sovereign remembered is a certain Rescuporides in 341, after which the kingdom fell into the hands of the Huns, after they had defeated the nearby Sarmatian populations.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts that saw the Huns, an invading tribe probably from Central Asia, fighting against the Romans as well as the Germanic tribes of Europe.
1.1.Hunnic Invasion of Europe
The Huns invaded Europe starting with the Ukrainian Steppe.
January 375: The Huns arrived in Europe in the late 4th-early 5th century, driven out of China by the advanced Chinese-developed weapons and defense structures, such as new uses for explosives, more accurate catapults, and the bronze crossbow and bow. The descent of the nomadic hordes of the Huns on the plains of Ukraine and Belarus occurred between 374 and 376.
1.1.1.The Kingdom of the Goths is absorbed by the Huns
The Huns invaded and annexed the Kingdom of the Goths.
January 377: The Huns expelled the Goth from eastern Europe and expanded between the Danube and the Black Sea.
1.1.2.Thuringia is conquered by the Huns
The Huns conquered the territories occupied by the Thuringians.
January 401: After the death of King Gunther, the Thuringians were conquered by the Huns under the leadership of Attila the Hun in 400 AD. This marked the beginning of Hunnic rule over the Thuringian territories in present-day Germany.
1.2.Hunnic Expansion
Were the expansion wars of the Huns, who established a vast, but short-lived, dominion in Europe.
January 433: The king of the Huns Rugila greatly expanded the Hunnic Empore. The Huns achieved supremacy over their rivals, many of them highly civilized, thanks to their military prowess, mobility and weapons such as the Hunnic bow.
1.2.1.Cession of Pannonia and Valeria to the Huns
In exchange of military help, the Romans ceded Pannonia and Valeria to the Huns.
January 436: Aware that to face such threats he needed external help, Aetius turned to the Huns, who had already helped him in the struggles for power in 425 and 433 and who continued to provide him with military aid in Gaul: to obtain their support, However, Aetius had to cede Pannonia and Valeria to them around 435.
1.3.Hunnic Invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire
Invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire by the Huns under king Attila.
January 448: Theodosius was forced to evacuate a strip of territory south of the Danube five days' journey wide and to pay the Huns an annual tribute of 2,100 pounds of gold.
January 448: In 447, faced with Theodosius' refusal to pay him tribute, Attila invaded the Eastern Empire again, devastating a large part of the Illyrian territories between the Black and Mediterranean seas and inflicting two serious defeats on two Roman field armies - oriental.
February 448: In 447, faced with Theodosius' refusal to pay him tribute, Attila invaded the Eastern Empire again, devastating a large part of the Illyrian territories between the Black and Mediterranean seas and inflicting two serious defeats on two Roman field armies - oriental.
1.4.Hunnic Invasion of Gallia
Invasion of Gaul by the Huns under king Attila.
January 452: Honoria, the sister of Roman Emperor Valentinian III, sent a plea for help to Attila, King of the Huns, along with her ring. Attila interpreted this as an offer of marriage, and he claimed half of the Western Roman Empire as her dowry. Subsequently, the Huns invaded northern Gaul, where they occupied several major European cities, including Reims, Strasbourg, Trier, and Cologne.
February 452: Attila was defeated by Roman General Flavius Aetius in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. The Huns left the Roman territories they had occupied in Gaul and central Europe.
1.5.Hunnic Invasion of Italy
Invasion of the the Italian Peninsula by the Huns under king Attila.
January 453: In 452, Attila, still under the effects of the heavy defeat, but in no way subdued, invaded Italy, perhaps to still claim the wedding with Honoria, sacking and destroying Aquileia, Milan and other cities. However, his army was decimated by hunger and disease, while the Po Valley, devastated, was unable to support the barbarian horde. Furthermore, the Eastern Empire had sent military aid to Aetius against the Huns. Attila, in turn debilitated and fearing the arrival of aid from the Eastern Empire, accepted the truce proposed to him by an embassy of Valentinian III.
February 453: In 452, Attila, still under the effects of the heavy defeat, but in no way subdued, invaded Italy, perhaps to still claim the wedding with Honoria, sacking and destroying Aquileia, Milan and other cities. However, his army was decimated by hunger and disease, while the Po Valley, devastated, was unable to support the barbarian horde. Furthermore, the Eastern Empire had sent military aid to Aetius against the Huns. Attila, in turn debilitated and fearing the arrival of aid from the Eastern Empire, accepted the truce proposed to him by an embassy of Valentinian III.
1.6.Germanic-Hunnic Wars
Was the conflict between the Germanic Tribes of central and eastern Europe against the Huns.
1.6.1.Battle of Nedao
The Battle of Nedao was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454 CE between the Huns and their former Germanic vassals. It was decisive Germanic victory.
January 455: The Battle of Nedao in 454 CE was fought between the Huns, led by Attila's nephews, and their former Germanic vassals, led by Ardaric of the Gepids. The decisive victory of the Germanic tribes marked the end of the Hunnic Empire in Pannonia.
1.7.Huns defeated by the Saragurs
In 463, the Saragurs (an Eurasian Turkic nomadic tribe) defeated the Huns and asserted dominance in the Pontic region.
January 464: At the same time, the Huns were also dealing with the arrival of more Oghur Turkic-speaking peoples from the East, including the Oghurs, Saragurs, Onogurs, and the Sabirs. In 463, the Saragurs defeated the Akatziri, or Akatir Huns, and asserted dominance in the Pontic region.
1.8.Defeat of the Huns
The Huns, reorganized under Dengizich, attacked the Eastern Roman Empire and were decisively defeated in 469. After that point, Huns cease to exist in European history.
January 470: The Huns, reorganized under Dengizich, moved to the east where they attacked the Eastern Roman Empire and were decisively defeated in 469. After that point, Huns cease to exist in European history.
At the end of 406 AD a large group of Alans, Suebi and Vandals invaded the Roman Empire.
January 408: A barbarian horde of extraordinary proportions, made up of Vandals, Alans and Suebi, driven westward by the Huns, crossed the frozen Rhine and penetrated into Gaul.
The Roman province of Gallia Belgica was occupied by Germanic tribes.
January 421: The Franks, together with the Burgundians and the Alemanni, settled in the area around the Rhine.
The Iazyges migrated in the Pannonian Basin and established a kingdom.
January 436: The Lazyges were forced to leave their Kingdom ot the invading Huns.
Disestablishment
January 470: The Huns, reorganized under Dengizich, moved to the east where they attacked the Eastern Roman Empire and were decisively defeated in 469. After that point, Huns cease to exist in European history.
Hunnic Empire
