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Was on of the successor states of the Turkic Khaganate that split in 581 AD. Its territories spanned from eastern Ukraine to central Asia.
Establishment
January 582: Tardush held the far west in what was becoming the Western Turkic Khaganate.
Chronology
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In 581, the fourth Göktürk khagan, Taspar Qaghan, died. A civil war erupted between the four claimants to the throne.
January 600: After Ishbara and Apa died the east was held by Ishbara's brother Bagha Qaghan (587-89) and Ishbara's son Tulan Qaghan (589-99), while the west remained under Tardush (587-603). After Tulan's death Tardush briefly reunified east and west.
January 604: Division of the First Turkic Khaganate into Western and Eastern Khaganates.
Was a series of conflicts between the Göktürks and the Sassanid Empire.
2.1.First Perso-Turkic War
Was a war fought by the Turkic Khaganate, together with his Hephthalite subjects, against the Sasanian Empire.
January 589: In 588, the Turkic Khagan Bagha Qaghan (known as Sabeh/Saba in Persian sources), together with his Hephthalite subjects, invaded the Sasanian territories south of the Oxus, where they attacked and routed the Sasanian soldiers stationed in Balkh, and then proceeded to conquer the city along with Talaqan, Badghis, and Herat.
January 590: In a council of war, Bahram was chosen to lead an army against them. His army ambushed a large army of Turks and Hephthalites in April 588, at the battle of Hyrcanian rock, and again in 589, re-conquering Balkh.
January 590: Hormizd IV proceeded to cross the Oxus river and won a decisive victory over Turks. The Sasanians now held suzerainty over the Sogdian cities of Chach and Samarkand, where Hormizd minted coins.
2.2.Second Perso-Turkic War
Was an invasion of the Sasanian Empire by the Göktürks and Hephthalites ending with the defeat of the Turks and Hephthalites by the Sasanians.
January 607: A Western Turkic force overran Khorasan and further territory up to Isfahan.
February 607: The Turks withdrew after their raids in Khorasan.
2.3.Third Perso-Turkic War
Was the third and final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate.
April 627: In 627, the Göktürks, led by Khagan Tong Yabghu, and their Khazar allies, led by Khagan Ziebel, conquered the Caspian Gates at Derbent in Caucasian Albania. The fall of the supposedly impregnable fortress caused widespread panic in the region.
April 627: Siege of Tbilisi.
January 628: Tong Yabghu hastened to resume the siege of Tiflis and successfully stormed the city in winter.
January 630: In 629, the Turks raided Caucasian Iberia, a territory of the Sasanian Empire. The Turks anticipated a strong retaliation from the Sassanids, so they looted cities and retreated to the steppes.
January 630: In 629, the Turks, led by their ruler Tong Yabghu, raided Caucasian Iberia, a territory of the Sasanian Empire. Anticipating a strong retaliation from the Sassanids, the Turks looted cities before retreating to the steppes.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
3.1.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. The war was fought in Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Aegean Sea and before the walls of Constantinople itself. After an initial phase of Sasanian conquest, the Byzantines were able to regain most of their territories. The war ended after a civil war broke out in Persia. After the war both Empires were so weakened that the Middle East and North Africa were soon conquered by the emerging Islamic Caliphate.
3.1.1.Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
November 628: Joint Byzantine and Göktürk operations were then focused on besieging Tiflis. Khosrow sent 1,000 cavalry under Shahraplakan to reinforce the city, but it nevertheless fell, probably in late 628.
Military campaigns of Chinese Tang emperor Tai Zong.
January 641: The Protectorate General to Pacify the West (Anxi Grand Protectorate), initially the Protectorate to Pacify the West (Anxi Protectorate), was established by the Tang dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin.
Were a series of military campaigns conducted by the Tang dynasty against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 7th century AD.
5.1.Campaign against the Western Turks
Was a Tang China military campaign in the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, which brought the region into the Tang Empire.
January 658: Ashina Helu defeated and captured. The victory strengthened Tang control of the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, and brought the regions formerly ruled by the Khaganate into the Tang empire.
January 629: Around 628 Kubrat of Bulgaria returned to his homeland and took the leadership of his people, probably with the approval of the Avars. A short time later he succeeded in overthrowing the Avar domination and also in separating himself from the Western Turkic Khaganate (which was embroiled in various dynastic wars).
January 651: The Qağanate of the Khazars took shape out of the ruins of the Turkic Khaganate as it broke up under pressure from the Tang dynasty armies to the east sometime between 630 and 650.
Disestablishment
January 658: Ashina Helu defeated and captured. The victory strengthened Tang control of the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, and brought the regions formerly ruled by the Khaganate into the Tang empire.
Western Turkic Khaganate
