characene
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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Characene
Characene (Parthian Empire)
Establishment
January 140 BC: The Seleucids had suffered heavy defeats by the Iranian Parthian Empire; in 148/7 BC, the Parthian king Mithridates I (r. 171-132 BC) conquered Media and Atropatene, and by 141 BC, was in the possession of Babylonia. The menace and proximity of the Parthians caused Hyspaosines to declare independence.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
1.1.Trajan's Parthian Campaign
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Trajan in 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia.
January 117: Characene conquered by Roman Empire.
1.2.Roman-Parthian War of 161-166
Was a war fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia.
January 167: Avidius Cassius was a Roman general and usurper who invaded the territory of the Medes, located beyond the Tigris River, in 166 AD. This demonstrated the military might of the Roman Empire under his command.
January 168: The plague, which broke out during the last year of the campaign, however forced the Romans to withdraw from the newly conquered territories.
After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian withdrew from the territories of Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia, allowing the return of their respective client monarchies.
January 119: Hadrian was the Roman Emperor at the time, and the client monarchies in question were likely rulers appointed by the Parthian Empire to govern the territories of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. The withdrawal of Hadrian allowed these monarchies to regain control of their territories.
January 123 BC: In 124 BC king Hyspaosines accepted Parthian suzerainty, and continued to rule Characene as a vassal. Characene would generally remain a semi-autonomous kingdom under Parthian suzerainty till its fall.
April 224: In 221-222 AD, an ethnic Persian, Ardashir V, who was King of Persis, led a revolt against the Parthians, establishing the Sasanian Empire. Ardashir V defeated Characene forces and annexed the country.
Disestablishment
April 224: In 221-222 AD, an ethnic Persian, Ardashir V, who was King of Persis, led a revolt against the Parthians, establishing the Sasanian Empire. Ardashir V defeated Characene forces and annexed the country.
