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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kengtung
Kengtung (Burma)
Kengtung (Princely State)
Establishment
January 1244: The state of Kengtung was founded in 1243 by a prince named Mang Kun.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
1.1.Sino-Burmese War
Was a war between Qing China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. The war consisted of a series of unsuccesful Chinese invasions of Burma.
1.1.1.First invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the first of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1766: The invasion force was led by the Qing Dynasty military commander Ming Rui and the Tai-Shan militias were commanded by local leaders such as Sao Hin. The siege of Kengtung was part of the Qing Dynasty's efforts to expand their control over the region and assert dominance over local rulers.
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on Kengtung and pursued the invading Chinese troops into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army, known for their skilled tactics and military prowess, defeated the Chinese forces in Pu'er.
Expansion during the rule of Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty.
January 1801: Mongyawng State was founded in the 18th century.
January 1801: In 1800, the state of Kengcheng was founded in the Muang Sing area of northern Thailand and territories west to the Mekong River (now Burma). This state was established by local ruler Kengcheng, marking the beginning of a new political entity in the region.
January 1815: With the help of the Burmese the Kengtung ruling dynasty was reinstated in 1814.
January 1816: Mongyawng was annexed by Kengtung State in 1815.
Were a series of wars fought between Burma and Siam from the 16th to 19th centuries.
3.1.Burmese-Siamese War (1802-1805)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Burma under the Konbaung dynasty and Kingdom of Siam under the Chakri dynasty over the Lan Na city-states.
3.1.1.Kengtung annexed by Chiang Mai
In 1802 Kengtung (northern Thailand) came under the rule of Chiang Mai.
January 1803: In 1802 Kengtung came under the rule of Chiang Mai.
3.2.Burmese-Siamese War (1849-1855)
Was a military expeditions of the Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom against the Tai Khün State of Kengtung, which was under Burmese suzerainty.
January 1853: The Siamese send two invading forces from Chiang Mai in Kengtung.
January 1853: After suffering heavy losses, the Burmese were able to drive the invading Siamese out.
January 1855: The Siamese army occupied Kengtung.
June 1855: Faced with harsh mountainous terrain and a lack of resources, the invading Siamese had to evacuate Burma in May 1855.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
4.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
August 1943: Japan handed over part of the Shan States of occupied British Burma to Thailand, which annexed the territories to the newly formed province of Saharat Thai Doem. With this acquisition, Thailand also gained a direct border with China.
4.1.1.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: The Thai army evacuated Saharat Thai Doem (territories of British Burma it had received from Japan in 1943) in August 1945.
Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
5.1.First Indochina War
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
March 1946: Agreement between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France where the latter recognized Vietnam as a sovereign state.
January 1301: By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled most of present-day Thailand.
January 1401: The Mong Lem state was established before the 14th century.
January 1651: The Möngnai state was founded before around 1650.
January 1701: Foundation of Monghsat.
January 1871: Kengtung was occupied by Mongnai in 1870.
January 1886: The Shan States and Karenni States became princely states of the British Empire after the defeat of Burma in the Anglo-Burmese Wars.
October 1894: Final Boundary Treaty for the Siam-Burma border between Thailand and Britain.
January 1948: When Burma gained independence in 1948, the Shan States became part of the Union of Burma.
Disestablishment
January 1948: When Burma gained independence in 1948, the Shan States became part of the Union of Burma.
Selected Sources
Flemming, Thomas / Steinhage, Axel / Strunk, Peter (1995): Chronik 1946: Tag für Tag in Wort und Bild, Chronik-Verlag/Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag,p. 38
Ricklefs, M.C. / Lockhart, B. / Lau. A. / Reyes,P. / Aung-Thwin, M. (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia, London (UK), p. 326
Yawnghwe, C.T. (2010): The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 68-76
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