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Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
Chronology
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Were a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China. The Dzungur Khanate was finally defeated and annexed by China.
1.1.First Dzungar-Qing War
Was the first of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1697: It came under Qing rule in 1696 and remained a khanate as a part of the Qing Empire.
January 1697: The Battle of Jao Modo effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758.
1.2.Second Dzungar-Qing War
Was the second of a series of wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1718: The Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan invaded Tibet in 1717.
January 1721: An expedition led by General Yue Zhongqi, together with Tibetan forces under Polhanas of Tsang and Kangchennas (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 as patrons of the Khoshut and liberators of Tibet from the Dzungars.
January 1721: Qing conquest of Tibet.
1.3.Third Dzungar-Qing War
Was the third of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region and led to the annexation of Qinghai into Tibet.
January 1724: Dzungar uprising in Qinghai on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars, a Mongol tribe, in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region of Qinghai.
1.4.Fourth Dzungar-Qing War
Was the final conquest of the Dzungar Khanate by Qing China.
January 1756: Fourth Dzungar-Qing War(1755): Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate and the creation of Xinjiang.
1747-1749: wars between Qing Empire and the rebel forces of Gyalrong chieftains ("Tusi") from the Jinchuan region: First Campaign: 1747-1749.
January 1747: Wars between Qing Empire and the rebel forces of Gyalrong chieftains ("Tusi") from the Jinchuan region: First Campaign: 1747-1749.
January 1771: 1771-1776: wars between Qing Empire and the rebel forces of Gyalrong chieftains ("Tusi") from the Jinchuan region. This second campaign lasted 6 years.
An uprising against the Qing dynasty of China, which broke out in 1757 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
January 1757: 1757–1759: an uprising against the Qing dynasty of China, which broke out in 1757 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
Was a war between Qing China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. The war consisted of a series of unsuccesful Chinese invasions of Burma.
4.1.First invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the first of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1766: The invasion force was led by the Qing Dynasty military commander Ming Rui and the Tai-Shan militias were commanded by local leaders such as Sao Hin. The siege of Kengtung was part of the Qing Dynasty's efforts to expand their control over the region and assert dominance over local rulers.
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on Kengtung and pursued the invading Chinese troops into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army, known for their skilled tactics and military prowess, defeated the Chinese forces in Pu'er.
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on their territory and pursued the invading Qing forces into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army successfully defeated the Qing forces in Pu'er, marking a significant victory in the conflict between the two powers.
May 1766: Ne Myo Sithu was a Burmese military commander who left a reinforced garrison in all occupied regions in 1766. He returned to Ava, the capital of the Burmese Kingdom, in April of the same year. This event took place during the Qing Dynasty's rule over the territory.
4.2.Second invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the third of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
September 1792: In 1792, Nepalese troops under the command of King Rana Bahadur Shah launched a counterattack against the Qing forces led by General Chhewang Rinchhen, who were encamped at Jitpurfedi. This marked a significant event in the Nepal-Tibet conflict during the Qing Dynasty's military occupation of Tibet.
January 1793: The Qing forces marched along the banks of the Trishuli River until they reached Betrawati (city of Nukawot).
February 1792: The army of Nepal leaves the monastery of Digarcha.
January 1768: Burmese commander Ne Myo Sithu retook the city of Bhamo.
January 1767: The Qing troops easily captured Bhamo in December 1766.
January 1767: The Chinese forces, led by General Mingrui, laid siege to the Burmese garrison at Kaungton in 1766 during the Qing Dynasty's military occupation of the territory. The Burmese defenders were led by General Maha Thiha Thura.
January 1768: In 1767, the Chinese army was defeated by the Konbaung Dynasty and the Chinese had to leave Burma.
January 1768: In 1767, the Burmese armies led by King Hsinbyushin invaded and occupied eight Chinese Shan States within Yunnan. This military action was part of Burma's expansionist policies in the region, leading to tensions with the Qing Dynasty of China.
January 1768: Wanmaw was occupied by Burma from 1767 to 1770.
January 1792: Nepali Mulkaji (prime minister) Damodar Pande attacked the Tibetan moneastery of Digarcha and captured it.
October 1792: The war ended in Nepal with the latter accepting to become a tributary state of Qing.
4.3.Third Chinese invasion of Burma
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the second of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
4.3.1.Chinese Attack
Was the Chinese invasion of Burma in 1767.
January 1768: Battle of Goteik Gorge: The Chinese victory cleared the way for the main Chinese army to Ava, the Burmese capital.
November 1767: Qing general Mingrui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
April 1768: They reached Singu on the Irrawaddy, 48 km north of Ava at the beginning of 1768.
4.3.2.Burmese counter-attack
Was the Burmese counterattack against the Chinese invasion of 1767.
April 1768: In early 1768 two Burmese armies led by Maha Thiha Thura and Ne Myo Sithu succeeded in retaking Hsenwi.
April 1768: The Battle of Maymyo in 1768 marked the end of the Third Qing Invasion of Burma, led by the Qing Dynasty of China. The battle was fought in March and resulted in the occupation of all regions by the Qing forces.
April 1768: The Battle of Maymyo in 1768 marked the end of the Third Qing Invasion of Burma, with the Konbaung Dynasty emerging victorious. The battle was a significant event in the conflict between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma.
4.4.Fourth Qing invasion of Burma
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the last of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
November 1769: In 1769, the Qing Dynasty, under the leadership of Emperor Qianlong, sent troops south to Shwenyaungbin where they constructed a large fortress. This military occupation was part of the Qing Dynasty's expansion efforts in the region.
November 1769: Three Chinese armies jointly attacked and captured Bhamo.
December 1769: The Burmese armies attacked the Chinese fort of Shwenyaungbin, which fell after a fierce battle.
December 1769: This event took place in Burma (Myanmar) during the Konbaung Dynasty. The peace treaty was signed between Burmese and Chinese officers to end hostilities and establish peace in the region.
Was an invasion of Tibet by Nepal from 1788 to 1792.
5.1.Nepalese invasion of Tibet
The Nepalese Gorkha troops invaded Tibet in 1789.
January 1789: In 1788, Gorkha troops led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal invaded Tibet, reaching Tashilhunpo, a major monastery in Shigatse. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Nepalese influence in the region.
January 1789: The battle at Shikarjong in 1788 was fought between the Tibetan forces led by the Dalai Lama's regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, and the Nepalese forces. The Tibetans were badly defeated, leading to the territory of Shikarjong, Gyirong, and Nyalam Town being occupied by Nepal.
5.1.1.Treaty of Kerung
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-Nepalese War.
January 1790: The representatives of Tibet and Nepal met at Khiru in 1789 to have peace talks. In the talks Tibet was held responsible for the quarrel and were required to give compensation to Nepal for the losses incurred in the war. Tibet had also to pay tribute to Nepal a sum of Rs. 50,001 every year in return for giving back to Tibet all the territories acquired during the war. It was called the Treaty of Kerung. The Nepalese representatives were given Rs. 50,001 as the first installment. So giving back the territories Kerung, Kuti, Longa, Jhunga and Falak, they went back to Nepal.
Was an unsuccesful invasion of Vietnam by Qing China.
December 1788: Thăng Long was the capital of the Đại Việt kingdom, ruled by Emperor Lê Chiêu Thống. The Chinese army was led by General Sun Shiyi, who invaded the territory as part of the Qing Dynasty's expansionist policies in Southeast Asia. The occupation of Thăng Long marked a significant turning point in the region's history.
February 1789: The Lê dynasty officially ended in 1789, when the peasant uprising of the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, ironically in order to restore power to the Lê dynasty.
December 1788: The Chinese defeated the Tây Sơn army in Lạng Sơn.
February 1789: Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa: Qing withdrawal from Vietnam.
Was a military campaign by Qing China to reconquer Xinjiang after the Dungan Revolt in the late 19th century.
May 1877: In mid-April Chang Yao marched from Hami and took Pichuan.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Karashar and stayed there a few days.
January 1866: A major revolt known as the Dungan Revolt occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in Northwest China, and Qing rule almost collapsed in all of Xinjiang except for places such as Tacheng. Taking advantage of this revolt, Yakub Beg, commander-in-chief of the army of Kokand occupied most of Xinjiang and declared himself the Amir of Kashgaria.
May 1877: The Chinese fought near Turfan and lost to the Kashgarians.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Toksun.
December 1877: On 17 December Kashgar was easily taken by the Qing army.
December 1877: Yarkand, Khotan and other places in Kashgaria submitted to the Qing Dynasty.
November 1876: On 2 September the Qing began the siege of Manas. On 6 November it surrendered.
October 1877: In early October Karashar and Korla were occupied by Chinese forces.
September 1876: In August 1876 the Chinese appeared at Urumchi. The place soon surrendered and the garrison was massacred.
Selected Sources
Thet, K. (1962): History of Union of Burma, Yangon (Myanmar), pp. 310-314
Ten Great Campaigns
