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Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
March 1946: Agreement between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France where the latter recognized Vietnam as a sovereign state.
November 1953: Phu Doan conquered by france.
November 1953: Operation Pollux.
November 1945: As agreed to at the Potsdam Conference, the Chinese 1st Army occupied Indochina as far south as the 16th parallel. They had been sent by Chiang Kai-shek under General Lu Han to accept the surrender of Japanese forces occupying that area, then to supervise the disarming and repatriation of the Japanese Army. This effectively ended Hồ Chí Minh's nominal government in Hanoi.
October 1950: Lạng Sơn, a French base to the south, was abandoned to the Viet Minh.
January 1952: In early 1952, the situation in Muong Khoua, a town in northern Laos, was tense as it had recently been transferred from French control to Vietnam. The area was experiencing political upheaval, with various factions vying for power, including the Viet Minh and anti-communist forces led by General Vang Pao.
May 1954: Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
September 1945: During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh, declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945, announcing the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
October 1945: In the ensuing power vacuum of neither French or Japanese control, the dismissed Prince Phetsarath and other Lao nationalists formed the Lao Issara (Free Laos) which took control of the government and reaffirmed the country's independence on 12 October 1945.
December 1946: In December, hostilities between the Việt Minh and the French broke out in Hanoi, and Hồ Chí Minh was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote forested and mountainous areas. Guerrilla warfare ensued, with the French controlling most of the country except far-flung areas.
July 1949: In 1949, France officially recognized the nominal "independence" of the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union under Bảo Đại. However, France still controlled all foreign relations and every defense issue.
March 1950: In February, Giap seized the vulnerable 150-strong French garrison at Lai Khê in Tonkin.
September 1950: Đông Khê fell to the Viet Minh on September 18.
November 1950: By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta, 4,800 French troops had been killed, captured or missing in action.
February 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
May 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
June 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
May 1953: Battle of Muong Khoua.
November 1953: The Vietnamese took Phú Thọ on November 5.
June 1954: Battle of Mang Yang Pass.
January 1952: In early 1952, the territory of Muong Khoua was under the control of the Viet Minh, a communist-led organization fighting for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule. This shift in power occurred in 1951, marking a significant development in the First Indochina War.
September 1953: France was looking for a political solution to get out of Indochina and Nà Sản was abandoned in August 1953.
September 1945: The Franco-British troops took control of Saigon.
November 1953: Phú Yên conquered by france.
November 1953: Operation Mouette.
January 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
1.1.1954 Geneva Conference
The Geneva Accords, that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from April 26 to July 20, 1954, dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina. The dissolution of the French Empire in Southeast Asia created the states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
July 1954: The Geneva Conference involved several nations and It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War. The part of the conference that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions. The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
Was a a Cold War-era proxy war between North Vietnam (supported by the USSR and China) and South Vietnam (supported by the United States) with actions taking place also in the nearby countries of Laos and Cambodia. The war ended with the reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976.
November 1974: Battle of the Iron Triangle.
January 1973: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1972.
November 1973: Battle of Quang Duc.
March 1975: Communist expansion in Vietnam by 10 March 1975.
June 1969: The U.S. command ordered the capture of Hill 937 (a strategic hill in Vietnam).
May 1974: The People's Army of Vietnam 9th Division, led by General Van Tien Dung, captured Rach Bap and An Dien from the South Vietnamese forces.
December 1974: Battle of Phú Lộc.
January 1960: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1959.
January 1968: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1967.
February 1973: Battle of Cửa Việt.
April 1973: Battle of Hồng Ngự.
May 1973: Battle of Hồng Ngự.
September 1973: Battle of Trung Nghia.
October 1973: Battle of Quang Duc.
August 1974: Battle of Phú Lộc.
January 1972: Communist expansion in Vietnam until 1971.
January 1975: Battle of Phước Long.
June 1969: U.S. forces abandon Hill 937 (Vietnam).
January 1973: Battle of Cửa Việt.
April 1975: Communist expansion in Vietnam by 8 April 1975.
2.1.Guerrilla Phase (Vietnam War)
Was a phase, at the beginning of the Vietnam War, that was characterized by Vietcong Guerrilla actions with no real territorial control.
January 1957: 1957-1960: Vietcong Guerrilla actions with no real territorial control.
2.2.Early Phase of the Vietnam War
Was the early phase of the Vietnam war with the first battles between North and South Vietnam.
July 1964: Battle of Nam Dong.
August 1964: Battle of Nam Dong.
March 1960: Battle of Tua Hai.
2.3.American Intervention in the early phase of the Vietnam War
Were a series of battles between North and South Vietnam that saw the latter being supported by U.S. on field troops for the first time.
July 1968: Battle of Khe Sanh.
June 1965: In 1965, during the Vietnam War, the Vietcong forces achieved significant conquests in the Chu Pong-Ia Drang complex. This territory was located in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam and was strategically important for both the Vietcong and the American forces led by General William Westmoreland. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, also known as North Vietnam, gained control of this area, further escalating the conflict.
January 1967: Operation Cedar Falls.
June 1965: Battle of Dong Xoai.
November 1965: Battle of Ia Drang.
January 1966: Operation Crimp.
2.4.Tet Offensive
Was a military campaign launched by forces of the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.
January 1968: Battle of Bến Tre.
March 1968: Battle of Huế.
January 1968: Battle of Huế.
January 1968: Battle of Quang Tri (1968).
February 1968: Battle of Bến Tre.
2.5.Easter Offensive
Was a military campaign launched by forces of the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.
May 1972: Battle of Kontum.
May 1972: Battle of An Lộc.
April 1972: Battle of Loc Ninh.
June 1972: Battle of Kontum.
May 1972: The First Battle of Quảng Trị took place in 1972 during the Vietnam War. It was a major offensive by the North Vietnamese Army, led by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, against the South Vietnamese Army and their American allies. The battle resulted in the capture of Quảng Trị province by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
September 1972: Second Battle of Quảng Trị.
April 1972: Battle of An Lộc.
2.6.1975 Spring Offensive (Vietnam War)
Was the final North Vietnamese campaign in the Vietnam War that led to the capitulation of Republic of Vietnam.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Hue.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Qui Nhon.
March 1975: Battle of Ban Me Thuot.
April 1975: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam captured Phan Rang Air Base.
April 1975: Battle of Xuân Lộc.
March 1975: Communist conquest of Da Nang.
April 1975: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam captured Nha Trang and Nha Trang AB on 2 April.
April 1975: Fall of Siagon to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Selected Sources
Fall, B.B. (1967): Street Without Joy, 4.Edition. Stackpole, Harrisburg
Flemming, Thomas / Steinhage, Axel / Strunk, Peter (1995): Chronik 1946: Tag für Tag in Wort und Bild, Chronik-Verlag/Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag,p. 38
Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State, May 7,1954 (1). Yale Law School. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/inch022.asp
Kinder, H. / Hilgemann, W. (1985): Von der Französischen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart in dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte Band 2, 20. Edition, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, München 1985, p. 514
Tertrais, H. / Mazoyer, K. (2004): Atlas des guerres d'Indochine, 1940-1990. De l'Indochine française à l'ouverture internationale, Éd. Autrement, Paris, p. 35
Indochina Wars
