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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Sicily (Personal Union with HRE)
Angevin Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Establishment
January 1195: Personal union of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Holy Roman Empire.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
A major medieval battle fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
February 1266: A major medieval battle was fought on 26 February 1266, near Benevento in present-day Southern Italy, between the forces of Charles I of Anjou and those of King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred's defeat and death resulted in Charles' conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily, effectively ending the rule of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.
December 1274: The local governor of Durrës reported to King Charles I of Sicily that the Albanian forces, led by Golem of Kruja, and the Byzantine forces had besieged the city in 1274. This event marked a significant conflict between the two powers in the region.
January 1275: In 1274, Byzantine forces led by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, with the support of local Albanian noblemen, successfully captured the strategic cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1275: Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen captured the important cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
January 1276: The Byzantine offensive continued and captured the port-city of Spinarizza.
April 1281: The Byzantine army which also included Turkish mercenaries arrived near Berat in March 1281.
Was a rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou, leading to the expulsion fo his troops from the island.
April 1282: After the Sicilian Vespers, Sicily was governed by the Aragonese dynasty as an independent state while southern Italy became the kingdom of Naples.
3.1.Peace of Caltabellotta
Was a peace that divided the old Kingdom of Sicily into an island portion and a peninsular portion: Charles II was confirmed as king of Sicily's peninsular territories (southern Italy), while Frederick III was confirmed as king of the island territories (Sicily proper).
August 1302: Peace of Caltabellotta.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
4.1.Sicilian revolution of 1848
Was an insurrection in Sicily against the House of Bourbon that led to the creation of an independent albeit short-lived Kingdom of Sicily.
4.1.1.Secession of Sicily (1848)
During the 1848 Revolutions, Sicily seceeded from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. .
March 1848: The Kingdom of Sicily was a state established in Sicily from 25 March 1848 to 15 May 1849 after gaining independence from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies during the revolution of January 1848.
4.1.2.Borbonic reconquest of Sicily
Was the Bourbonic reconquest of Sicily, that had seceeded after a revolt in 1848.
October 1848: Siege of Messina.
April 1849: After fierce fighting, Catania was occupied by the forces of King Ferdinand II.
April 1849: On the 9th of September 1849, Syracuse surrendered to the royalists forces.
May 1849: On April 26, a naval squad appeared before Palermo, with an injunction to surrender and, on May 5, the advance of the Neapolitans reached Bagheria.
May 1849: Filangieri took possession of Palermo. When Palermo fell, the whole island fell.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
5.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
5.1.1.Neapolitan Invasion of Papal States
Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
5.2.Expedition of the Thousand
Was a military operation by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers (the so-called "thousand") to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and annex it to the Kingdom of Italy.
5.2.1.Conquest of Sicily (Garibaldi)
Was the conquest of Sicily from the Bourbons by the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi and his voluntary forces.
May 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi lands in Marsala (Sicily).
May 1860: In 1860, at Rampingallo, the territory was taken over by Garibaldi's Volunteers. The expedition was organized into two battalions led by the Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who played a key role in the unification of Italy.
May 1860: In Salemi Giuseppe Garibaldi declared that he was assuming the dictatorship of Sicily.
May 1860: Battle of Calatafimi.
May 1860: In 1860, an insurrection took place in Palermo, Sicily. The territory was taken over by Garibaldi's Volunteers, led by Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi. This event was part of the larger movement to unify Italy and overthrow foreign rulers.
June 1860: On June 1, Nicola Fabrizi, coming from Malta, landed in Pozzallo, still under Bourbon control, with 20 volunteers from the Italian Legion.
June 1860: In 1860, during the Italian unification movement, Garibaldi's Volunteers arrived in Catania, Sicily. The volunteers, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, brought supplies and support to the city, which had already revolted against Bourbon rule. The volunteers had traveled from Genoa, stopping in Malta before reaching Catania.
June 1860: In 1860, during the unification of Italy, General Giacomo Medici led Garibaldi's Volunteers in a successful expedition that landed in Castellammare del Golfo on June 18. The territory was then taken over by the volunteers as part of the movement to unify Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1860: The Bourbon troops were defeated in the battle of Milazzo.
July 1860: The Garibaldians led by Medici arrived in Messina.
July 1860: The fortresses of Syracuse and Augusta capitulated to the 2nd Brigade of Garibaldi's 1st Division.
5.2.2.Conquest of Naples
Was the conquest of the continental part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (southern Italy) by Garibaldi and his army of volunteers.
August 1860: In 1860, Garibaldi's Volunteers landed in Melito, a town in southern Italy.
August 1860: Battle of Piazza Duomo.
September 1860: In 1860, the Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteer army entered the town of Rotonda in Basilicata. This marked a significant moment in the unification of Italy as Garibaldi's forces continued to fight for independence and the establishment of a unified Italian state.
September 1860: In 1860, the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi led his volunteers to conquer Naples as part of the unification of Italy. This event marked a significant step towards the establishment of a unified Italian state.
October 1860: Volturno conquered by Garibaldi's Volunteers.
October 1860: Battle of Pettorano.
5.2.2.1.Lucanian revolt
Was a revolt against the House of Bourbon in modern-day Basilicata that led to the conquest of the region by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers.
August 1860: Corleto Perticara began the revolt in Basilicata.
August 1860: In 1860, the Prodictatorial Government was established in Potenza by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Volunteers. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and nationalist who played a key role in the unification of Italy. The Prodictatorial Government was a temporary government set up by Garibaldi during the Italian unification process.
5.3.Military Campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Central Italy
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
5.3.1.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
October 1860: Battle of Macerone.
November 1860: Battle of Mole.
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
March 1861: Siege of Civitella del Tronto.
5.4.Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
January 1255: With the death of Conrad IV of Germany, the Personal Union of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Holy Roman Empire ended.
January 1260: In the same year, Pesaro was forced to obey by Manfredi of Sicily.
January 1267: When Manfred of Sicily fell in the Battle of Benevento, Michael II of Epirus took the opportunity and recaptured some places in Albania. However, the most important positions, Berat, Kanina and Aulona, remained in the possession of the Neapolitans.
January 1267: On the death of manfred of Sicily in 1266, Pesaro reverted to the Church.
May 1267: After the Treaties of Viterbo in 1267, the Duchy of Athens, along with the rest of Latin Greece, acknowledged the authority of Charles I of Sicily.
May 1267: The Lordship of Salona, part of the Latin Empire, acknowledged Charles I of Sicily as their overlord after the Treaties of Viterbo in 1267. Charles I was the King of Sicily and founder of the House of Anjou.
May 1267: Manfred fell under Papal sanction and was killed in 1266, when Charles of Anjou conquered his kingdom. Charles was now ascendant in Italy, and William and Baldwin came to terms with him in the Treaty of Viterbo (1267).
January 1272: Dyrrhachium conquered by naples-sicily.
February 1272: On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens".
January 1273: Central Albania was lost to Epirus.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
April 1279: In March 1279 Nikephoros I declared himself a vassal of Charles of Anjou and surrendered to him the castles of Sopot and Butrint.
January 1281: In December 1280, Angevin forces led by Charles I of Anjou captured the surroundings of Berat and besieged its castle. This marked a significant event in the conflict between the Kingdom of Albania and the Angevin Kingdom of Naples.
January 1289: Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288.
January 1290: Because the king of Sicily was a prisoner in Aragonese hands, the rule of Achaea devolved upon a series of baillis chosen from the Morean nobility.
January 1293: Corfu and Butrint remained in Angevin hands at least up to 1292, then the Byzantines took control.
January 1295: Kaninë castle was the last to fall to the Byzantines probably in 1294.
August 1302: The island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon, becoming a separate kingdom.
January 1305: In the summer of 1304, Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by its citizens and local nobles, who in September submitted themselves to Angevin rule.
January 1312: The Lordship of Salona came under the rule of the Catalan Fadrique family, the leader of the Catalan Company, who claimed the title of Count of Salona.
January 1368: In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city of Durrës.
January 1377: In 1376 Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo who had gained the rights on the Albanian Kingdom from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city of Durazzo.
January 1384: In 1383, Thopia took once again control of Durazzo.
December 1816: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was formed in 1816 when the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples. This union was a result of the Congress of Vienna and was ruled by King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
December 1816: The Kingdom of Sicily was formed in 1816 when King Ferdinand IV of Naples merged the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples, creating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Ferdinand IV became King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
Disestablishment
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
March 1861: The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
March 1861: Siege of Civitella del Tronto.
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