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Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
Chronology
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Was an insurrection in Sicily against the House of Bourbon that led to the creation of an independent albeit short-lived Kingdom of Sicily.
January 1848: Revolt in Palermo 12 - 23 january 1848.
1.1.Secession of Sicily (1848)
During the 1848 Revolutions, Sicily seceeded from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. .
March 1848: The Kingdom of Sicily was a state established in Sicily from 25 March 1848 to 15 May 1849 after gaining independence from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies during the revolution of January 1848.
1.2.Borbonic reconquest of Sicily
Was the Bourbonic reconquest of Sicily, that had seceeded after a revolt in 1848.
October 1848: Siege of Messina.
April 1849: After fierce fighting, Catania was occupied by the forces of King Ferdinand II.
May 1849: Filangieri took possession of Palermo. When Palermo fell, the whole island fell.
April 1849: On the 9th of September 1849, Syracuse surrendered to the royalists forces.
May 1849: On April 26, a naval squad appeared before Palermo, with an injunction to surrender and, on May 5, the advance of the Neapolitans reached Bagheria.
Was an insurrection in France that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic.
February 1848: The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution.
February 1848: The Parisians rise up on February 22, 1848, taking control of the city. Monarch Louis-Philippe who renounces to put down the revolt with arms.
2.1.June Days uprising
Uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848.
June 1848: Uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848.
Was a revolution in Baden. It was suppressed by German Confederation troops.
March 1848: 1/3/1848 - 23/6/1849: revolution in baden. Suppressed by German Confederation troops.
March 1848: 3/3/1848 - 20/3/1848: Uprising in Munich leading to the abdication of king Ludwig I.
March 1848: 18 March - May 1849: uprising in Berlin.
3.1.Palatine uprising
Was a revolt in the Palatiante, at the time part of the Kingdom of Bavaria.
May 1849: 2 may - 19 june 1849: took place in the Palatinate (Bavaria) in the months of May and June 1849 and was part of the imperial constitution campaign. The aim of the revolutionaries was to defend the Frankfurt Imperial Constitution and break away from the Kingdom of Bavaria.
3.2.May Uprising in Dresden
3-9 May 1849: The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony in 1849; it was one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848.
May 1849: 3–9 May 1849: The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony in 1849. It was one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848.
Was un uprising in Vienna, part of the Revolutions of 1848.
March 1848: 13/3 - 31/10 1848: uprisings in vienna wit resignation of Prime Minister Metternich.
June 1848: Revolt in Transylvania.
June 1848: 12/6 - 17/6 1848: Uprising in Prague.
4.1.Serb Uprising of 1848-49
June 1848 - 4 October 1849: The Serb uprising of 1848-49 took place in what is today Vojvodina, Serbia, and was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire.
June 1848: June 1848 - 4 October 1849: The Serb uprising took place in what is today Vojvodina, Serbia, and was part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire.
4.2.Slovak Uprising of 1848-49
Was an uprising of Slovaks in Upper Hungary (today mostly Slovakia) with the aim of equalizing Slovaks, democratizing political life and achieving social justice within the 1848-49 revolutions in the Habsburg Monarchy.
September 1848: There was an uprising of Slovaks in Upper Hungary (today mostly Slovakia) with the aim of equalizing Slovaks, democratizing political life and achieving social justice within the 1848–49 revolutions in the Habsburg Monarchy.
The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the Habsburg dynasty.
March 1848: 15 March 1848 - 4 October 1849
The Hungarian Revolution was one of many European Revolutions of that year and closely linked to other revolutions in the Habsburg areas. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the Habsburg dynasty.
After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the Austrian Empire came close to the brink of collapse. The young emperor Franz Joseph I had to call for Russian help in the name of the Holy Alliance. Tsar Nicholas I answered, and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutal martial law.
Was a revolt against Austrian rule in Venice during the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The Republic of San Marco was a state established in Venice on 22 March 1848 following the insurrection of the city.
March 1848: Between 24 and 29 March Treviso, Padua, Belluno, Rovigo, Udine and Vicenza joined the Republic.
March 1848: The Republic of San Marco was a state established in Venice on 22 March 1848 following the insurrection of the city, which had begun on 17 March of the same year, against the Austrian government.
Was an insurrection in Lombardy against Austrian rule. It was part of the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The provisional government of Milan, in the history of the Italian Risorgimento indicates the institution that governed Milan during the Five Days.
7.1.Five Days of Milan
Was the insurrection of the city of Milan against Austrian rule, and a major event in the Revolutionary Year of 1848 that started the First Italian War of Independence.
March 1848: A rebellion arose in the city of Milan, and in five days of street fighting drove Marshal Radetzky and his Austrian soldiers from the city.
Was a revolt of German nationalists against Danish rule in the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
March 1848: Wishing to defeat Denmark before Prussian, Austrian, and German troops arrived to support them, 7,000 Schleswig-Holsteinish soldiers under General Krohn occupied Flensborg on 31 March.
July 1850: Battle of Isted.
November 1850: Battle of Lottorf.
June 1848: The are of Dybbøl (Denmark) is occupied by German rebels.
May 1849: In 1849, during the First Schleswig War, Danish forces led by General Christian Julius de Meza successfully halted the Prussian advance through Jutland in a cavalry battle at Vejlby. This victory was a significant moment in the conflict between Denmark and the rebel government of Schleswig-Holstein.
June 1849: In 1849, during the First Schleswig War, Danish forces led by General Christian Julius de Meza successfully halted the Prussian advance through Jutland in a cavalry battle at Vejlby. This victory helped secure the territory for the Kingdom of Denmark.
October 1850: Danish forces resist German siege at Friedrichstadt.
April 1851: In 1851, the Duchy of Holstein was pacified by Prussian and Austrian federal troops, leading to the dissolution of the Schleswig-Holstein army on April 1. This event was part of the wider Schleswig-Holstein Question, a political conflict between Prussia, Austria, and Denmark over the control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
April 1851: Holstein was pacified by Prussian and Austrian federal troops, and the Schleswig-Holstein army was dissolved on April 1, 1851.
April 1848: Prussian victory in battle at Oeversee.
March 1848: On March 23, the rumor spread in Kiel that the king was unable to act and "in the hands of the rabble". Both the revolutions in Vienna and Berlin, which had taken place a few days earlier, and the well-known political indifference of the king, who had only been in power for two months, contributed to this interpretation. A group of celebrities with sympathies to Schleswig-Holstein seized the opportunity and formed a provisional government on March 24, which was to act on behalf of their allegedly unfree sovereign, the king.
March 1848: On the morning of March 24, an extra train drove from Kiel to Rendsburg with the soldiers of the Kiel garrison and 50 volunteers under the command of the provisional Minister of War Prince Friedrich von Noer (brother of the Augustenburg Duke). By ringing the fire bell, it was possible to lure the unarmed soldiers of the garrison out of the fortress. Officers were granted free withdrawal, while nearly all soldiers joined the riot.
May 1848: In 1848, during the First Schleswig War, the Schleswig-Holstein units, led by General Friedrich von Wrangel, were repelled by Danish forces in the battle of Bau. This territory later became part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
July 1850: Danish victory in cavalry battle at Jagel.
April 1848: The Schleswig-Holstein units, led by General Krohn and Colonel Lüttichau, were defeated by Danish forces in the battle of Bau. This marked a setback for the rebel government of Schleswig-Holstein during the First Schleswig War in 1848.
July 1848: In 1848, during the First Schleswig War, Danish forces led by General Christian de Meza achieved a significant victory over the German rebels at the Battle of Dybbøl Hill. This battle was a turning point in the conflict, as it allowed the Danish government to regain control of the territory from the Schleswig-Holstein rebels.
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
August 1849: Return to the status quo ante bellum at the end of the First Italian War of Independence.
9.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
June 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army, shifting the military advantage to the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
August 1848: On August 9, 1848, Austrian field marshal Radetzky and Piedmontese General Salasco concluded an armistice in which it was established that the Piedmontese troops would withdraw from all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
March 1848: In 1848, during the Italian Wars of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert and General Giuseppe Garibaldi, occupied Pavia. The people of Pavia welcomed the Sardinian forces as they entered the city, showing their support for the movement towards Italian unification.
March 1848: General Michele Giuseppe Bes was an Italian military leader who fought during the Italian Wars of Independence. The Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, was involved in a military occupation of Boffalora in 1848 as part of the broader struggle for Italian unification.
March 1848: The Sardinian forces arrived in Brescia.
April 1848: Battle of the Goito bridge.
May 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army. This loss shifted the military initiative to the Austrians in the conflict.
June 1848: The provisional government of Milan sanctioned the annexation to Piedmont with a referendum (June 8, 1848).
July 1848: The Second Battle of Governolo took place during the First Italian War of Independence in 1848. It was fought between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. The battle resulted in a victory for the Austrian forces, leading to the territory of Governolo being placed under military occupation by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
March 1849: In 1849, during the First Italian War of Independence, Austrian Field Marshal Radetzky's troops defeated the Piedmontese forces at La Cava. This victory allowed Austria-Hungary to maintain military occupation of the territory.
March 1849: Battle of Novara (1849).
August 1849: In 1849, the Austrian occupation of Alessandria and the strategic quadrilateral between Lomellina and Monferrato ended with the peace of Milan.
April 1848: Battle of Pastrengo.
April 1848: The Piedmontese took possession of the Monzambano bridge.
March 1849: The armistice of Vignale was signed in the locality of the same name on 24 March 1849, between the king of Sardinia Vittorio Emanuele II and the Austrian marshal Josef Radetzky. The armistice imposed the withdrawal of the Sardinian fleet from the Adriatic and the temporary Austrian occupation of the stronghold of Alessandria and of the strategic quadrilateral between Lomellina and Monferrato.
August 1848: The Piedmontese were always being pursued at a short distance by the Austrians and on 4 August 1848, in the southern area of Milan, what would have been Radetzky's last attack of the first campaign began on the road to Melegnano. On the 6th the Piedmontese had crossed the Ticino again and on that same day the Austrians entered Milan.
April 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, conducted a military occupation of Marcaria. The strategic move involved crossing the Oglio River as part of their campaign against Austrian forces.
April 1848: The siege began on the 27th.
9.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1848: At 9 pm the general retreat movement of the Piedmontese towards the Oglio began and at 12 noon on July 28 the Piedmontese army was gathered behind the lower reaches of the river.
August 1848: The advance guards of the Piedmontese army, led by General Alfonso La Marmora, were near Milan in 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence. The city was under Austrian control at the time, part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
July 1848: The Piedmontese army retreated behind the Adda ready to resist.
9.2.Venetian Front
Was the Venetian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
June 1848: Battle of Monte Berico.
April 1848: The bulk of the Austrian forces attacked Udine which on the 22nd, after an artillery bombardment, surrendered.
May 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the brigade led by Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi went beyond the Piave River to Feltre, a town in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. This action was part of the movement to unify Italy and break away from Austrian control.
October 1848: In Osoppo, in Friuli, following the armistice, about 350 patriots barricaded themselves in the village fortress, under the leadership of Leonardo Andervolti , surrendering to the Austrians on October 13, 1848.
May 1848: Battle of Cornuda.
May 1848: On May 5, the Austrians entered Belluno.
July 1848: Venice is the only city in Lombardo-Veneto to still remain in the hands of the insurgents.
August 1849: Siege of Venice (1849).
9.3.Papal State Front
Was the front in the Papal States of the First Italian War of Independence.
April 1848: Giovanni Durando was an Italian general who fought in the First Italian War of Independence. The Papal States, led by Pope Pius IX, sent Durando and his troops to Ostiglia in 1848 to occupy the territory as part of their military campaign.
April 1848: Durando was a general in the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. Pius IX was the Pope of the Papal States. The military occupation of Treviso by the Papal States in 1848 was part of the Italian Wars of Independence.
August 1848: Territorial change based on available maps.
August 1848: Austro-Hungarian forces occupied Bologna.
July 1848: General Welden crossed the Po towards Ferrara starting from July 28.
August 1848: On August 8, 1848, Bologna revolted and the Austrians had to abandon it the following day.
9.4.Cadore Insurrection
Was an insurrection against Austrian rule in the Cadore region (Italy).
April 1848: Meanwhile, in Cadore, starting from 29 April 1848, for over a month a small rebel army of about 4,000 badly armed, poorly trained but valiant men opposed enemy formations coming from Austria.
9.5.Modena and Parma Operation
Was an Austrian military operation by prince Franz Joachim von Liechtenstein to restore the deposed dukes of Parma and Modena. .
July 1848: In 1848, Prince Franz Joachim Liechtenstein led Austrian forces to restore the deposed dukes of Modena and Parma. The Duchy of Modena was under Austrian-Hungarian military occupation during this time.
July 1848: Prince Franz Joachim Liechtenstein marched on Modena and Parma to restore the deposed dukes.
9.6.Garibaldi's popular war
Was a small military action by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the First Italian War of Independence.
August 1848: Garibaldi, after two short fights at Arcisate and Morazzone on August 25 and 26, escaped to Switzerland, leaving Luino to the Austrians.
August 1848: At Luino it collided with a column of about 450-500 Austrians who were put to flight, leaving 2 dead and 14 wounded on the field.
9.7.Tuscany Front
Was the Tuscanian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
February 1849: Giuseppe Mazzini arrived in Florence and on February 15 the republic was proclaimed.
9.8.Austrian Invasion of the Papal States
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
February 1849: The Austrian invasion of the Roman Republic began with the occupation of Ferrara.
June 1849: Ancona conquered by austria.
May 1849: Bologna and Ancona did not accept being occupied and were subjected to siege. Bologna resisted for a week.
9.9.Ten Days of Brescia
Was an insurrection against Austrian rule in Brescia.
March 1849: 23 March - 1 April 1849: revolt of the citizens of Brescia against Austrian oppression.
9.10.Revolt of Genoa
Was a Genoese inserruction against Piedmont-Sardinia.
April 1849: April 5-11, 1849: Genoa, which retained the memory of its republican freedom sacrificed 35 years earlier in favor of annexation to the Savoyard state, on April 1, 1849, rose up.
9.11.French Invasion of the Papal States
Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
April 1849: A French army corps led by General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot landed in Civitavecchia.
July 1849: The Siege of Rome in 1849 was a battle between the French forces and the Roman Republic. The French military occupation of Rome marked the end of the Roman Republic and the restoration of Papal rule.
April 1850: On April 12, 1850, Pius IX returned to Rome and abrogated the Constitution granted in March two years earlier.
9.12.Austrian Invasion of Tuscany
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Republic of Tuscany.
May 1849: Siege of Livorno.
May 1849: D'Aspre led his II Army Corps to the occupation of Lucca.
May 1849: Pisa conquered by austria.
May 1849: In 1849, during the Italian Wars of Independence, General Franz von D'Aspre of the Austrian Empire advanced as far as Empoli, a town in Tuscany, Italy. This military occupation was part of Austria-Hungary's efforts to suppress the Italian nationalist uprisings.
May 1849: Austrian occupation of Florence.
June 1849: Grand Duke Leopold II is restored in Florence.
9.13.Neapolitan Invasion of Papal States
Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
May 1849: In 1849, an expeditionary force from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, led by General Carlo Filangieri, invaded southern Lazio, reaching Frascati and Tivoli. This military occupation was part of the broader political unrest and conflicts in Italy during the Risorgimento period.
May 1849: After the defeat of the Roman Republic in 1849, the Neapolitan troops, led by King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, left Tivoli. This marked the end of the short-lived Roman Republic and the restoration of papal rule in the region.
Was an unsuccessful military insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period.
April 1848: March – May 1848: unsuccessful military insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period.
Were a series of urpisings in the Ottoman Empire during the 1848 Revolutions.
11.1.Uprising in Moldavia
An uprising in Moldavia. Suppressed by Ottoman troops.
May 1848: April - June 1848: revolt suppressed through russian occupation.
July 1848: Russian occupation.
11.2.Uprising in Wallachia
An uprising in Wallachia. Suppressed by Ottoman troops.
July 1848: June - September 1848: Uprising in Wallachia suppressed by Ottoman troops.
Was a revolt in the Papal States during the 1848 Revolutions.
February 1849: On February 9, 1849, it was officially proclaimed by supporters of Giuseppe Mazzini, an important radical democratic revolutionary of the Italian unification movement (Risorgimento).
Revolutions of 1848
