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Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
Chronology
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December 1859: The United Provinces of Central Italy, also known as Confederation of Central Italy or General Government of Central Italy, was a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. It was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations.
December 1859: The ex-Duchies of Modena and Parma, the tuscan temporary government and the Legazione delle Romagne (formally, still under papal rule) declare the foundation of the United Provinces of Central Italy led by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
1.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
1.2.Venetian Front
Was the Venetian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.3.Papal State Front
Was the front in the Papal States of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.4.Cadore Insurrection
Was an insurrection against Austrian rule in the Cadore region (Italy).
1.5.Modena and Parma Operation
Was an Austrian military operation by prince Franz Joachim von Liechtenstein to restore the deposed dukes of Parma and Modena. .
1.6.Garibaldi's popular war
Was a small military action by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the First Italian War of Independence.
1.7.Tuscany Front
Was the Tuscanian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
1.8.Austrian Invasion of the Papal States
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
1.9.Ten Days of Brescia
Was an insurrection against Austrian rule in Brescia.
1.10.Revolt of Genoa
Was a Genoese inserruction against Piedmont-Sardinia.
1.11.French Invasion of the Papal States
Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
1.12.Austrian Invasion of Tuscany
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Republic of Tuscany.
1.13.Neapolitan Invasion of Papal States
Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
May 1859: The advance on Turin in 1859 was led by Austrian General Ludwig von Benedek, who commanded the 7th Army Corps. The occupation of Vercelli was part of Austria-Hungary's military campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
July 1859: The Franco-Sardinian fleet took possession of the island of Lussino in the Gulf of Kvarner and 3,000 men landed, joyfully welcomed by the population who waved the two tricolors. Subsequently, the Austrian military also withdrew from the island of Cres.
March 1860: On March 24, 1860, the Treaty of Turin was signed by which the Kingdom of Sardinia, recognizing the provisions of the alliance treaty to France, ceding the region of Savoy and the city of Nice.
May 1859: Battle of Montebello (1859).
May 1859: In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Austrian 2nd Army, led by Field Marshal Ferencz Gyulai, halted their advance and concentrated near Mortara in response to the growing threat posed by the French and Piedmontese forces.
May 1859: Battle of Palestro.
March 1860: The Duchy of Parma is annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia through the plebiscite.
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
2.1.Peace of Villafranca
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
Was a military operation by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers (the so-called "thousand") to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and annex it to the Kingdom of Italy.
3.1.Conquest of Sicily (Garibaldi)
Was the conquest of Sicily from the Bourbons by the Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi and his voluntary forces.
July 1860: The Garibaldians led by Medici arrived in Messina.
May 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi lands in Marsala (Sicily).
June 1860: In 1860, during the Italian unification movement, Garibaldi's Volunteers arrived in Catania, Sicily. The volunteers, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, brought supplies and support to the city, which had already revolted against Bourbon rule. The volunteers had traveled from Genoa, stopping in Malta before reaching Catania.
June 1860: In 1860, during the unification of Italy, General Giacomo Medici led Garibaldi's Volunteers in a successful expedition that landed in Castellammare del Golfo on June 18. The territory was then taken over by the volunteers as part of the movement to unify Italy under the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1860: The Bourbon troops were defeated in the battle of Milazzo.
May 1860: In 1860, at Rampingallo, the territory was taken over by Garibaldi's Volunteers. The expedition was organized into two battalions led by the Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who played a key role in the unification of Italy.
May 1860: Battle of Calatafimi.
May 1860: In Salemi Giuseppe Garibaldi declared that he was assuming the dictatorship of Sicily.
July 1860: The fortresses of Syracuse and Augusta capitulated to the 2nd Brigade of Garibaldi's 1st Division.
May 1860: In 1860, an insurrection took place in Palermo, Sicily. The territory was taken over by Garibaldi's Volunteers, led by Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi. This event was part of the larger movement to unify Italy and overthrow foreign rulers.
June 1860: On June 1, Nicola Fabrizi, coming from Malta, landed in Pozzallo, still under Bourbon control, with 20 volunteers from the Italian Legion.
3.2.Conquest of Naples
Was the conquest of the continental part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (southern Italy) by Garibaldi and his army of volunteers.
August 1860: In 1860, Garibaldi's Volunteers landed in Melito, a town in southern Italy.
August 1860: Battle of Piazza Duomo.
September 1860: In 1860, the Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteer army entered the town of Rotonda in Basilicata. This marked a significant moment in the unification of Italy as Garibaldi's forces continued to fight for independence and the establishment of a unified Italian state.
October 1860: Volturno conquered by Garibaldi's Volunteers.
October 1860: Battle of Pettorano.
September 1860: In 1860, the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi led his volunteers to conquer Naples as part of the unification of Italy. This event marked a significant step towards the establishment of a unified Italian state.
3.2.1.Lucanian revolt
Was a revolt against the House of Bourbon in modern-day Basilicata that led to the conquest of the region by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his volunteers.
August 1860: Corleto Perticara began the revolt in Basilicata.
August 1860: In 1860, the Prodictatorial Government was established in Potenza by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Volunteers. Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and nationalist who played a key role in the unification of Italy. The Prodictatorial Government was a temporary government set up by Garibaldi during the Italian unification process.
3.3.Meeting of Teano
Was the event that ended Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousands. After conquering the the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Garibaldi symbolically handed over his conquests to the Kingdom of Sardinia that shortly after became the Kingdom of Italy.
October 1860: On October 26, Vittorio Emanuele II met Giuseppe Garibaldi, in what would become known as the Teano meeting: thus symbolically concluding the Expedition of the Thousand. Garibaldi saluted Vittorio Emanuele as king of Italy, handing over the newly conquered lands to him.
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
4.1.Invasion of the Papal States
Was the invasion of the Papal States by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
September 1860: On 3 September 1860 Salvatore Rampone from Benevento, without an escort, dressed in the red shirt of a Garibaldian colonel, went to the castle to inform the last apostolic delegate, Edoardo Agnelli, of the order to leave the city within three hours. Papal rule was over.
September 1860: The IV Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia invaded the Marches from several points: the 13th Division, under the command of Raffele Cadorna, followed a route close to the Apennines through Urbino, Cagli and Gubbio.
December 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
September 1860: Siege of Ancona (1860).
September 1860: The V Army Corps of the Kingdom of Sardinia took Città di Castello, Umbertide and Perugia.
September 1860: Battle of Castelfidardo.
September 1860: Sardinian forces continued their invasion of the Papal States along the coast crossing Pesaro, Fano and Senigallia.
4.2.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
November 1860: Battle of Mole.
October 1860: Battle of Macerone.
February 1861: Siege of Gaeta (1860).
March 1861: Siege of Civitella del Tronto.
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
6.1.Austrian Operations in Val Vestino
Was an Austrian military operation in Val Vestino during the Third Italian War of Independence.
6.2.Austrian Operations in Valtellina
Was an Austrian military operation in Valtellina during the Third Italian War of Independence.
The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian Unification, also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States and the unification of the Italian Peninsula (except San Marino) under the Kingdom of Italy.
April 1870: The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian unification also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.331
Wars of Italian Unification
