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The cluster includes all the forms of the country. The cluster does not include the period of union with Bolivia.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Peruvian Rebels
Protectorate of Peru
Republic of Peru
Establishment
July 1811: The Tacna insurrection of 1811 was an autonomist movement that took place in Tacna and proclaimed the independence of Peru.
July 1811: On July 25, 1811, the Peruvian separatists of Tacna learned of the defeat of the Argentine patriots in the battle of Guaqui. This event was the cause of total bewilderment between them, despite the fact that they were organizing themselves.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
1.1.Bolivian War of Independence
Was the War for indipendence from Spain by Bolivia.
August 1825: Bolivia became an autonomous republic.
1.2.Peruvian War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of Peru against Spanish rule.
July 1821: Independence of the Protectorate of Peru from the Kingdom of Spain.
February 1824: Spanish loyalists recaptured of the fort on February 5, 1824.
February 1824: In 1824, Spanish troops commanded by General Juan Antonio Monet entered Lima, the capital of Peru.
1.2.1.First revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
1.2.2.Huánuco Revolt
Was an indigenous revolt in Huánuco during the Peruvian War of Independence.
February 1812: Indigenous rebellion of Huánuco.
March 1812: In 1812, Huánuco was conquered by the Spanish forces.
March 1812: Huánuco was reconquered by the Spanish forces.
1.2.3.Second revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
October 1813: Under Enrique Pallardelli, the patriots of Tacna took possession of the city's barracks, capturing the royalist governor of the province.
November 1813: The Peruvian Rebels took refuge towards Upper Peru while Tacna fell once again to the royalists.
1.2.4.Cusco Revolt
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Cusco, Viceroyalty of Peru.
September 1814: The second patriot section was installed in Huamanga, under the command of Manual Hurtado de Mendoza and had for lieutenants José Gabriel Béjar and Mariano Angulo. Therefore Mendoza ordered to march on Huancayo, cities which they conquered peacefully.
September 1814: Battle of Huanta: the actions lasted three days, during which the Peruvian patriots retreated, abandoning Huamanga.
1.2.5.José de San Martín's liberation of Peru
Was a military campaign by Argentine general José de San Martín against Spanish rule in Peru.
July 1821: In a very solemn public ceremony, José de San Martín y Matorras proclaimed the independence of Peru.
August 1821: Maynas conquered by forces of chile and argentina.
September 1821: The Peruvian patriots achieved the surrender of the Callao fortresses.
September 1822: The first Constituent Congress of Peru was installed.
1.2.6.First Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
November 1822: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan military and political leader, arrived in Arica, a port city in present-day Chile.
November 1822: In 1822, General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales arrived in Iquique, where he landed a detachment to initiate action on Upper Peru.
December 1822: Valdés met him, fighting the battle of Torata.
January 1823: Peruvian forces advance towards Tacna.
January 1823: Spanish General José de la Serna's forces, led by José Carratalá, pursued and defeated the troops of rebel leader Antonio José de Sucre at the Battle of Moquegua. This victory marked a turning point in the conflict, leading to Peru relinquishing territories occupied during the first intermediate campaign.
1.2.7.Second Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
June 1823: In 1823, Rear Admiral Guise led the assault and capture of Arica, a port city in present-day Chile. This military campaign was part of the Chilean War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
June 1823: General Santa Cruz arrived at the port and continued to Iquique to direct the landing operations of the patriot forces.
July 1823: The patriots occupied Tacna and Moquegua.
August 1823: In 1823, General Andrés de Santa Cruz, a prominent military leader in the Republic of Peru, led a group of patriots to occupy La Paz in Upper Peru as part of the ongoing struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule.
August 1823: The city of Oruro was taken by the Peruvian forces led by General Agustín Gamarra.
August 1823: The realistic general Gerónimo Valdes attacked Santa Cruz, causing the battle of Zepita, on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The patriots were masters of the field, but without obtaining a decisive victory. But instead of consolidating his victory, Santa Cruz ordered the withdrawal towards the coast.
1.2.8.Royalist counterattack in Lima
Was a Spanish military campaign against Peruvian and Argentine patriots during the Peruvian War of Independence.
June 1823: Lima fell to the royalist troops led by General José de Canterac due to the weak military defense of the city.
July 1823: General Canterac, a Spanish military leader, withdrew from Lima, the capital of Peru. The city was then occupied by the independent forces.
1.2.9.Simon Bolivar's Campaign
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolivar against Spanish rule in Peru.
July 1824: In June 1824, General Simón Bolívar's liberating army, supported by Peruvian montoneras, advanced towards the central highlands and arrived in Huánuco, Peru. This marked a significant moment in the South American wars of independence.
August 1824: In 1824, the liberating army led by Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre continued its advance towards the South, bordering Lake Junín. This strategic movement ultimately led to the decisive Battle of Junín, securing the territory for the Republic of Peru.
December 1824: After the victory of Junín, Simón Bolívar, the leader of the independence movement in South America, returned to Lima, which had been taken by the independentist troops led by José de la Riva-Agüero. This event marked a significant step towards the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule in 1824.
January 1826: Callao, the last Spanish stronghold in Peru, fell to the rebels.
1.2.10.Sucre's campaign in Upper Peru
Was a military campaign led by Antonio José de Sucre against Spanish rule in Peru.
December 1824: After defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, General Antonio José de Sucre led the liberating army of Peru towards Cuzco. On December 30, 1824, the Peruvian division, under the command of General Andrés de Santa Cruz, arrived in Cuzco.
January 1825: In the third week of January 1825, the army led by General Antonio José de Sucre continued towards Puno, a city located in present-day Peru. Sucre was a prominent military leader in the South American wars of independence and played a key role in the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule.
February 1825: In 1825, Marshal Antonio José de Sucre led the Liberation Army across the Desaguadero River to occupy La Paz, Bolivia. Sucre was a trusted general of Simón Bolívar and played a key role in the independence movements in South America.
March 1825: A Peruvian Division arrived in Oruro.
March 1825: In 1825 the Peruvian army occupied Potosí.
April 1825: On 7 April, Spanish general José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to Peruvian general Urdininea, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru.
Was an invasion of Bolivia by Peru headed by Agustín Gamarra in the form of a foreign intervention in an internal conflict in the Republic of Bolivia.
May 1828: Peruvian General Gamarra crossed the Desaguadero River into Bolivia at the end of April.
May 1828: Peruvian troops reached Viacha.
May 1828: In mid May Peruvian troops arrived at Sicasica dn Panduro.
May 1828: On May 31, the Peruvian army led by General Gamarra reached the positions of the Bolivian Army, that was located in Caihuasi.
June 1828: Peruvian General Gamarra continued his to the city of Oruro, where he entered.
June 1828: The Peruvian army occupied Cochabamba on June 10.
June 1828: Peruvian Captain Montenegro occupied Chuquisaca.
July 1828: By early July the Peruvians had completed the occupation of Bolivia, with the remnant Bolivan forces concentrated in Santa Cruz and Tarija.
2.1.Treaty of Piquiza
The Treaty of Piquiza was a peace treaty signed in the Bolivian city of Piquiza the 6 of July of 1828 between the Mariscal Antonio Jose de Sucre and General Agustín Gamarra , who ended the Peruvian intervention in Bolivia.
September 1828: The Treaty of Piquiza signed in the Bolivian city of Piquiza the 6 of July of 1828 ended the Peruvian intervention in Bolivia. On September 3 the Peruvian army left Bolivia.
Was a conflict between the Republic of Peru and Gran Colombia caused by the unclear border betwee the two countries.
January 1829: The city of Guayaquil surrendered to Peruvian forces on 19 January 1829.
February 1829: The Peruvian Navy was led by Admiral Martin George Guise, while the Peruvian Army was commanded by General Agustin Gamarra. The Battle of Saraguro was a decisive victory for the Peruvian forces, leading to the military occupation of Loja by the Republic of Peru in 1829.
February 1829: The Peruvians pushed north into Guayas, the district surrounding the city of Guayaquil.
February 1829: In 1829, during the Gran Colombia-Peru War, forces led by José de La Mar and General Agustín Gamarra occupied Cuenca, a city in present-day Ecuador. This military occupation was part of the Republic of Peru's campaign against Gran Colombia.
February 1829: The peruvian invasion was halted with the Battle of Tarqui.
July 1829: Guayaquil was under Peruvian occupation led by General José de La Mar until it was liberated by Simón Bolívar on July 21, 1829, during the Gran Colombia era.
September 1829: The Larrea-Gual Treaty ended the Gran Colombia-Peru War. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum.
Was a Civil War in Peru with the involvement of the Bolivian army.
August 1836: On August 15, 1836, Santa Cruz invaded Lima.
Was a military confrontation waged by Chile, along with Peruvian dissidents, and the Argentine Confederation against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation between 1836 and 1839.
5.1.Dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Was the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation caused by the War of the Confederation.
August 1839: General Agustín Gamarra, after assuming the role of president of Peru, officially declared the dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.
Was a civil war in Peru that opposed revolutionary forces by Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado to the Peruvian government.
February 1865: Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado, who was then prefect of Arequipa, started a nationalist revolution there.
November 1865: Restoration forces began to enter the capital of Lima in the early morning.
November 1865: The revolutionaries entered Callao.
November 1865: The rebels created a new government in Peru. Pezet, who was on the outskirts of Lima, at the head of his troops, seeing the capital fall and contrary to the wishes of his generals, did not want to cause more bloodshed and resigned from power on November 8.
Was a civil war in Peru caused by the adoption of a new constitution.
September 1867: Mariano Ignacio Prado, put in power as a result of the Peruvian civil war of 1865, faced by a revolt by his former allies Pedro Diez Canseco and José Balta. The revolution broke out in Arequipa.
September 1867: The city of Chiclayo joined the Peruvian revolt.
January 1868: The constitution was restored.
Was a war fought between Chile and an alliance of Peru and Bolivia. The war was won by Chile, that gained various territories.
8.1.Chilean Offensive (War of the Pacific)
Was a Chilean military offensive against Bolivia and Peru, started at the beginning of the War of the Pacific.
8.1.1.Tarapacá Campaign
Was a Chilean military campaign during the War of the Pacific.
November 1879: Chilean soldiers landed at Pisagua.
November 1879: Chilean forces defeated the Peruvian cavalry at Germania, a city in South America.
November 1879: Battle of San Francisco.
8.1.2.Tacna and Arica Campaign
Was a Chilean military campaign during the War of the Pacific.
December 1879: The Chilean troops disembarked and quickly took the port of Ilo.
March 1880: The Chilean army occupied the town of Mollendo.
March 1880: In 1880, during the War of the Pacific, Chilean General Manuel Baquedano led the military occupation of Moquegua, a region in southern Peru. This was part of Chile's campaign to gain control over valuable nitrate deposits in the area.
March 1880: Battle of Los Ángeles.
May 1880: Battle of Tacna.
June 1880: Battle of Arica.
8.1.3.Lima Campaign
Was a Chilean military campaign during the War of the Pacific.
November 1880: On 19 November 1880 the Chilean army landed in Pisco.
January 1881: Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos.
January 1881: Chileans troops entered Lima on 17 January 1881.
8.1.4.Sierra Campaign
Was a Chilean military campaign during the War of the Pacific.
July 1883: Battle of Huamachuco.
8.2.Treaty of Ancón
Was a treaty between Chile and Peru at the end of the War of the Pacific. Peru formally ceded the Tarapacá Province to Chile.
October 1883: A treaty ending the War of the Pacific was signed by Chile and Peru in Santiago de Chile on October 20, 1904. The Chilean occupation of Lima ended.
Was an internal Peruvian conflict that resulted from Peru's defeat in the War of the Pacific.
September 1884: Defeat of the Caceristas in Trujillo.
June 1885: From Pisco, rebels led by Cáceres took the road to Ayacucho, Apurímac, Cuzco and finally Arequipa.
December 1885: With his control of Lima reduced to only the Government Palace, Iglesias resigned and went into exile.
Was an internal conflict sparked by the election of Andrés Avelino Cáceres to the presidency of Peru.
November 1894: Puerto Mackerel, Piérola happened to Chincha , where the 4 of November of 18 94 launched a "Manifesto to the Nation".
January 1895: Arequipa fell to the revolutionaries.
January 1895: Colonel Juan Luis Pacheco Céspedes, who had joined the pierolista movement, was defeated and died in Moquegua.
March 1895: Rebels' attack on Lima.
March 1895: Peru: an armistice between the rebels ant the government is signed.
Part of tacna transferred to Peru in 1925.
January 1926: Some areas of the Tacna region were transferred to Peru in 1925.
June 1929: The mediation under US President Herbert Hoover caused the Treaty of Lima to be signed by which Chile kept Arica, and Peru reacquired Tacna.
Was a short armed conflict between Colombia and Peru over territory in the Amazon rainforest.
September 1932: President Luis Miguel Sánchez dispatched two regiments of the Peruvian Army to Leticia and Tarapacá, both settlements located in the Amazonas Department in present-day southern Colombia. These actions were mostly ignored by the Colombian Government at the time.
February 1933: Colombia takes control of Lower Putumayo.
February 1933: The 15 of February of 1933 Colombian troops again attack the Peruvian garrison of Tarapaca, through aerial bombardment and amphibious assault later. Due to the impossibility of continuing to fight, the Peruvian troops fled the place.
March 1933: Battle of Buenos Aires.
March 1933: A military confrontation took place in 1933 in Güepí, Loreto, Peru. It involved Colombian military forces and Peruvian forces. The conflict arose due to a territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru over the region.
June 1933: Peruvian troops withdraw from Leticia.
May 1934: The Rio de Janeiro Protocol or Protocol of Friendship and Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru was an agreement signed with the aim of ending the war between the two countries and definitively ending their border conflict.
Was a border war between Ecuador and Peru.
July 1941: Commander EP César Yánez, head of the Cavalry Regiment No. 7, supported by a company of the Infantry Battalion No. 19 and a battery of the Artillery Group No. 8, crossed the river on July 30 and took Macará.
August 1941: Peruvian units attacked and took the Yaupi River detachment.
August 1941: The Peruvian forces vacated Macará and returned to their sites.
August 1941: Attacked by the enemy forces of Zapotillo, which were defeated and the town of Pampa Larga captured.
August 1941: By the end of August of 1941 Peru militarily occupied the coast of Ecuador: the provinces and districts of El Oro, Puerto Bolivar.
August 1941: In the mountains the provinces and cantons Loja and Zamora Chinchipe were occupied .
August 1941: In the jungle, the Peruvian armed forces claimed for Peru: Sucumbios, Napo and Pastaza.
January 1942: The Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, or Rio Protocol resolved the long-running territorial dispute between the two countries, and brought about the official end of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1941-1942.
13.1.Peruvian Offensive
Was a Peruvian military offensive during the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1941.
July 1941: Battle of Zarumilla: Peruvian occupation of Arenillas, Puerto Bolívar, Huaquillas, Santa Rosa and Machala.
Selected Sources
Perea, N.S. (2011): The Caudillo of the Andes: Andrés de Santa Cruz, Cambridge University Press, p.107
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, p. 144
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, p.148
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, p.152
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, pp. 144-145
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, pp. 145-148
Vargas, M.N. (1910): Historia del Perú independiente, Volume 4, Imp. de la Escuela de Ingenieros, pp.152-153
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