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Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
Chronology
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Was the War for indipendence from Spain by Bolivia.
August 1825: Situation of the borders of Republic of Bolivia at the end of Southamerican indipendency wars.
May 1809: In 1809, in Sucre, the oidores (delegates of the Spanish Crown) deposed President García León and established a junta to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII, who was the King of Spain at the time. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region during the period of Spanish colonial rule.
July 1809: In 1809, Pedro Domingo Murillo, a Criollo leader, led a revolt in La Paz alongside Mestizos. They established an independent junta of Upper Peru to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII, the captive king of Spain.
December 1809: By November 1809, Cochabamba, Oruro, and Potosí had joined the La Paz junta.
January 1810: The revolts in Upper Peru and Sucre were put down by Spanish forces sent to La Paz by the viceroys of Peru and the Río de La Plata.
August 1825: In 1825, the territory of Upper Peru declared its independence from Spain and became the Republic of Bolivia under the leadership of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre.
August 1825: Bolivia became an autonomous republic.
August 1825: Situation of the borders of Republic of Chile at the end of Southamerican indipendency wars.
January 1810: From 1810 to 1824, the idea of independence was kept alive by six guerrilla bands that formed in the backcountry of Charcas. The areas they controlled are called republiquetas ("petty republics") in the historiography of Bolivia. The republiquetas were located in the Lake Titicaca region, Mizque, Vallegrande, Ayopaya, the countryside around Sucre, the southern region near today's Argentina and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The republiquetas were led by caudillos whose power was based on their personality and ability to win military engagements. This allowed them to create quasi-states which attracted varied followers.
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Venezuela against Spanish rule.
2.1.Establishment of the First republic of Venezuela
Was the establishment of the First Republic of Venezuela, which was reconquered by Spain in 1812.
April 1810: The municipal council of Caracas headed a successful movement to depose the Spanish Governor and Captain General, Vicente Emparán. A junta was established in Caracas.
July 1812: After the Battle of San Mateo in 1812, the First Republic of Venezuela collapsed. General Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan revolutionary leader, capitulated to Spanish General Domingo de Monteverde and signed an armistice, leading to the territory reverting back to Spanish America.
January 1811: Several Venezuelan provinces declared independence from Spanish rule and formed Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: The Caracas Junta called for a congress of Venezuelan provinces to establish a government for the region. The Congress declared Venezuela's independence on 5 July 1811, establishing the Republic of Venezuela.
2.2.Establishment of the Second Republic of Venezuela
Was the establishment of the Second Eepublic of Venezuela, which was reconquered by Spain in 1814.
2.2.1.Eastern Campaign
Was a military campaign by revolutionaries in eastern Venezuela during the Venezuelan War of Indipendence.
January 1813: In 1813, during the Venezuelan War of Independence, General Santiago Mariño led a successful commando-style attack on Güiria, a town in present-day Venezuela. Mariño was a prominent leader in the Venezuelan revolutionary forces fighting against Spanish colonial rule.
August 1813: Barcelona conquered by Second Republic of Venezuela.
August 1813: The Venezuelan revolutionary leader Santiago Mariño entered Cumaná on August 3.
2.2.2.Admirable Campaign
Was a military campaign by revolutionaries led by Simón Bolívar where the provinces of Mérida, Barinas, Trujillo and Caracas were conquered during the Venezuelan War of Indipendence.
August 1813: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan revolutionary leader, marched along the San Cristóbal - La Grita - Mérida - Trujillo road in 1813. His triumphal entry into Caracas on August 6 led to the surrender of the royalist government on August 4.
July 1813: Battle of Niquitao.
August 1813: The fall of Valencia on August 2, 1813, was a significant event during the Venezuelan War of Independence. It marked the victory of Venezuelan revolutionaries led by Simón Bolívar and Santiago Mariño over Spanish royalist forces, further weakening Spanish control in the region.
August 1813: Losing on two fronts, the royalist government surrendered on August 4. Bolívar's forces had a triumphal entrance into the city of Caracas on August 6, bringing an end to the campaign and reestablishing the Venezuelan republic.
July 1813: Battle of Taguanes.
June 1813: Simón Bolívar and his Venezuelan revolutionaries arrived in the city of Trujillo in 1813 during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
August 1813: La Victoria conquered by Venezuelan Revolutionaries.
2.2.3.Boves campaign
Was a Spanish military campaign against revolutionaries during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
December 1814: Battle of Urica.
May 1814: Battle of Carabobo.
2.3.Proclamation of Gran Colombia
In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the Republic Gran Colombia, which he planned to include Venezuela and New Granada.
December 1819: In 1819, Simón Bolívar proclaimed the Republic of Gran Colombia, which aimed to unite Venezuela and New Granada (present-day Colombia). Bolívar was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spanish rule.
January 1818: Venezuelan leaders Piar and Mariño occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at the narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River).
2.3.1.Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolívar, part of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of independence.
July 1819: The Spanish doubted Bolívar's army could make the trip through the Colombian corner of the cordillera oriental, and therefore, they were taken by surprise when Bolívar's small army emerged from the mountains on 5 July.
August 1819: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan military and political leader, redirected his forces towards Tunja during the Venezuelan and Colombian Wars of Independence. He successfully took the city by mid-day in 1819, further advancing the revolutionaries' cause.
August 1819: Battle of Boyacá: the bulk of the royalist army surrendered to Bolívar.
August 1819: Bolívar's army entered Bogotá without any royalist resistance.
November 1823: Puerto Cabello managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating to Colombian forces. The city was the last Spanish stronghold in the region.
January 1822: Cumaná conquered by Republic of Gran Colombia.
July 1819: Vargas Swamp Battle.
June 1821: Battle of Carabobo.
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (later Argentina) against Spanish rule.
July 1810: The circular of May 27 was addressed to all the cities and municipalities of the viceroyalty. The cities of the interior located on the territory of the future Argentina recognized the new junta, including the cities of Mendoza and Salta.
July 1816: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810-1818.
June 1810: The city of Mendoza rebelled gainst Spain and joined the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 1810: Royalist troops deserted en masse, forcing their leaders to continue their flight with a meager escort, until they were captured one by one between 6 and 7 August and taken back to Córdoba. On August 10, the bulk of the army arrived in the city and the cabildo recognized the junta and the new governor de Pueyrredón.
July 1810: The city of San Luis, located in present-day Argentina, recognized the Junta, a revolutionary government established in Buenos Aires, as soon as news of its constitution arrived in 1810. This marked the city's support for the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata's independence movement.
November 1810: The outcome of the Battle of Suipacha, where the revolutionary forces led by Juan José Castelli defeated the royalist army, boosted the morale of the revolutionaries in Potosí. This led to the deposition of the governor Francisco de Paula Sanz on November 10, 1810.
September 1810: In August 1810, the chaplain José Andrés de Salvatierra led a revolt in the Fort of Membiray against Spanish colonial rule. On September 24, he successfully took control of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, a significant event in the struggle for independence in the region.
May 1810: The May Revolution led on May 25, 1810 to the formation of the First Government Junta, presided over by a Creole, Cornelio Saavedra, who claimed to impose his authority over the entire Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata as the legitimate successor of the viceroy.
July 1810: The cities of Upper Peru did not have occasion to pronounce themselves before their own governments did so in a negative sense. The only case in the city region that joined the Revolution was that of Tarija, which also elected its own deputy.
October 1810: The royalists abandoned Tupiza and fell back to Cotagaita.
November 1810: Battle of Suipacha.
November 1810: A division of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, led by General José Rondeau, entered La Paz on November 19, 1810.
September 1810: The cabildo of La Rioja, led by Governor Brizuela, hesitated to support the Junta until 1 September 1810. This delay was due to conflicting loyalties and uncertainty about the political situation in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
November 1810: The vanguard of the Army of the North, led by General Manuel Belgrano, began its march towards Upper Peru through the Quebrada de Humahuaca in October 1810. This marked the beginning of the campaign to liberate the region from Spanish colonial rule.
November 1810: General José Manuel de Goyeneche, leading the Spanish royalist forces, was defeated by General Pedro Antonio Olañeta in the Battle of Aroma. Goyeneche's forces, including Piérola and Ramírez Orozco, retreated to the Desaguadero River in 1810 during the Bolivian War of Independence.
July 1810: In 1810, San Juan recognized the junta (government) of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 1810: In 1810, the cities of San José de Jáchal and San Agustín de Valle Fértil in Argentina decided to join the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
October 1810: Oruro, by means of a coup d'état, joined the junta of Buenos Aires.
3.1.Banda Oriental Campaign
Was an argentine military campaign in the Banda Oriental region (the South American territories east of the Uruguay River) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
February 1811: On February 28, near the Asencio stream, the commander Ramón Fernández launched his opposition, the so-called Grito de Asencio (in Italian Grido di Asencio), signaling an armed uprising against Elío's authority. Local farmers and gauchos joined him, forming irregular troops, which began a series of clashes against troops loyal to Spain.
December 1810: Gualeguaychú and Gualeguay conquered by spain.
October 1811: After a failed attempt to capture Montevideo from Spanish forces, General José Rondeau led the retreat of his army towards Entre Ríos in 1811 during the Spanish American wars of independence. The siege of Montevideo was officially lifted on October 12.
May 1811: The royalists, led by Spanish Governor Francisco Javier de Elío, were besieged by the patriots, led by José Gervasio Artigas and Carlos María de Alvear. The patriots eventually captured Colonia del Sacramento on May 26, 1811, marking a significant victory in the struggle for independence in the region.
December 1811: On July 20, 1811 an armistice was signed between the First Argentine Triumvirate and the Spanish viceroy Elío. Withdrawal of the revolutionary and Portuguese troops from the Banda Oriental and from the cities of Concepción del Uruguay, Gualeguay and Gualeguaychú, in the territory of Entre Ríos.
October 1810: On October 9, General Gaspar de Vigodet gave the naval officer Juan Ángel Michelena the task of occupying the banks of the Uruguay River, forcing the authorities of the villages located on them, including the city of Concepción del Uruguay (occupied on November 6) ,.
April 1811: After a series of skirmishes, the royalists evacuated their positions on the western bank of Uruguay, leaving the region in revolutionary hands by March 1811.
May 1811: Battle of Las Piedras.
January 1812: Declaring the armistice broken, Vigodet reopened hostilities on January 31, 1812. Artigas moved towards Misiones Fernando Otorgués and Fructuoso Rivera, who reconquered the towns of Santo Tomé, Yapeyú and La Cruz.
April 1811: The captain of the blandengues orientali José Gervasio Artigas, after having deserted from the garrison of Colonia del Sacramento and having gone to Buenos Aires to offer his service to the junta, had received the task of fomenting and directing the popular uprising against the royalists. Artigas landed on eastern soil on April 9 in command of some troops from Buenos Aires and was recognized as a leader by local patriots.
May 1811: The area held by the royalists, led by Spanish General José Posadas, was limited to the cities of Montevideo and Colonia del Sacramento. The patriots, led by José Gervasio Artigas, put the two strongholds under siege on 21 and 26 May 1811 respectively.
June 1811: At the beginning of June, the royalists evacuated Colonia del Sacramento, which was occupied by the revolutionaries.
3.1.1.Portuguese Invasion of Banda Oriental
Was a Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental region during the Argentine War of Independence.
August 1811: In 1811, Portuguese Sergeant major Manuel dos Santos Pedroso led a force to occupy Belén in the Banda Oriental, which is now Uruguay. This military occupation was part of Portugal's efforts to expand its territory in South America.
November 1811: From Mandisoví the Portuguese forces occupied Curuzú Cuatiá.
July 1811: Portuguese forces crossed the border with Spanish America and reached Melo the same day.
September 1811: On 1 September Paysandú was occupied by Portuguese forces.
October 1811: The Portuguese captured several Orientais and hundreds of horses in the town of Rocha, in Castillos Lagoon and in Castillo Grande.
November 1811: In 1811, Elías Galván, a military leader from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, successfully recaptured the territory of Curuzú Cuatiá.
September 1811: Brazilian irregular armed bands invaded the villages of Misiones, capturing the commander of Yapeyú, Bernardo Pérez Planes, and shortly after conquering the towns of Belén and Salto Chico.
May 1812: In March, after the arrival of reinforcements from Brazil and supplies from Montevideo, a Portuguese army of 5,000 men moved from Maldonado towards Paysandú, entering it.
August 1811: Portuguese forces defeated 180 or 200 rebels who guarded the town of Mandisoví and took control of it.
October 1811: To counter the Portuguese offensive, José Rondeau sent a detachment north of the Río Negro at the beginning of September, which managed to free Mercedes the following month.
November 1811: The Portuguese were driven out of Paysandú.
September 1812: The government of Buenos Aires ordered Artigas to return to his camp on the Ayuí stream after the signing, on March 26, of the Rademaker-Herrera Treaty, which determined the return of Portuguese troops to Brazil. Once again, Souza did not recognize the agreement, but after a series of clashes he received the order to withdraw from the Banda Oriental by King John VI, an order which he finally carried out on June 13. A few days later, the commander of the Portuguese-occupied portion of Misiones, Francisco das Chagas Santos, attempted to attack La Cruz, which was defended by Corrientes' forces, but withdrew after Galván informed him that hostilities had ceased. On September 13, the armistice was ratified, despite Vigodet's attempts to prevent its application. However, the Portuguese did not return to the pre-invasion borders, maintaining control of the current municipalities of Uruguaiana, Quaraí, Santana do Livramento and Alegrete, and part of those of Rosário do Sul, Dom Pedrito and Bagé.
October 1811: All the eastern villages of the future state of Uruguay were occupied by Portuguese troops, and on October 14, the Portuguese headquarters was placed in Maldonado.
3.2.Paraguayan campaign of Belgrano
Was a military campaign in Paraguay by Argentine leader Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence.
April 1811: The failure of Belgrano led to a Paraguayan counterattack, following which the city of Corrientes was overrun and militarily occupied on 7 April.
January 1811: Belgrano showed up in Paraguay on January 15, 1811.
January 1811: In 1811, General Manuel Belgrano led his troops from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in a challenging march. They achieved a minor triumph at Maracaná, close to the Tebicuary River, during the Paraguayan War of Independence.
November 1810: At the end October, having organized its forces into 4 divisions, and counting the Paraguayan José Machain as sergeant major in its ranks, the Argentinian army advanced northwards through the center of the province of Entre Ríos, avoiding crossing waterways.
November 1810: Juan Ángel Michelena was a Spanish military officer who led the royalist forces in the region during the Argentine War of Independence. Concepción del Uruguay was a strategic town in the Entre Ríos Province of modern-day Argentina, which was part of Spanish America at the time.
December 1810: The patriots occupied the evacuated village of Itapúa without a fight.
January 1811: On January 19, the advance of Belgrano's army began the battle of Paraguarí. Despite the numerical disadvantage, 460 men against 6,000, the independentists managed to seize the enemy position. They skidded when the Paraguayans managed to regroup and counterattack, Belgrano was forced to retreat along the route by which he had come, but was not pursued.
March 1811: A few days after the battle of Tacuarí the Argentine army left Paraguay.
December 1810: On December 19, Belgrano crossed the Paraná River with the bulk of the revolutionary army and attacked the fortified position of Campichuelo, from where the royalists withdrew after a brief exchange of blows.
3.3.Royalist reaction in Upper Peru
Was a counterattack by Royalist troops against Argentina in the region of Upper Peru (Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Independence.
August 1811: In early August 1811, the indigenous forces of Juan Manuel Cáceres, a former lieutenant of Túpac Catari in the 1780 rebellion, occupied and burned the city of La Paz in present-day Bolivia.
April 1811: A royalist counter-revolution broke out in Potosí.
June 1811: Battle of Huaqui: fought as part of the Spanish-American wars of independence, it was an armed confrontation fought between an army set up by the junta installed in Buenos Aires following the May Revolution and the forces loyal to the Crown of Spain who remained loyal to the Viceroy of Peru . Following it, the patriot army was forced to hastily abandon the entire territory of Upper Peru.
August 1811: Rivero, beaten by Ramírez Orozco on August 13 in the battle of Sipe Sipe, realizing the futility of all his resistance and listening to the request for peace from the inhabitants of Cochabamba, urged an end to hostilities, handed over his troops and was incorporated into the royalist army. Cochabamba was peacefully occupied by Goyeneche.
June 1811: In 1811, the natives of Omasuyos, Pacajes, and Larecaja in Bolivia were incited to revolt by Pedro Domingo Murillo and other revolutionary leaders. They rejected the royalist restoration and joined the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in their fight for independence.
3.4.Upper Peru Front
Was the theatre of war in Upper Peru (corresponding to modern-day Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
May 1812: In 1812, General Eustaquio Méndez led the royalist army to victory in the battle of Pocona against General Manuel Ascencio Padilla, who was fighting for the independence of Spanish America. The defeat of Padilla's forces allowed the royalists to advance towards the city.
March 1813: Spanish general Ramírez Orozco, abandoned Chuquisaca.
October 1811: The troops of the city of La Paz, led by General Pedro Domingo Murillo, defeated the 1,200 men of Colonel Jerónimo Marrón de Lombera on 6 October 1811 at Sica Sica, during the Bolivian War of Independence.
October 1811: Oruro, a city in present-day Bolivia, declared its support for the revolutionaries.
November 1811: In 1811, during the Bolivian War of Independence, Colonels Benavente and Lombera led Spanish forces to take control of La Paz, despite a small victory by the independentists at Tiquina. This event marked a setback for the independence movement in Spanish America.
January 1812: The forces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata managed to take the village of Chayanta.
January 1812: Lieutenant Colonel Martín Miguel de Güemes, a prominent military leader in the Argentine War of Independence, was sent by General Manuel Belgrano to recover Tarija from Spanish forces. He successfully achieved this on 18 January 1812.
August 1812: On August 23, the civilian population and the Argentine army left San Salvador de Jujuy, which was shortly after occupied by the royalists.
April 1813: In 1813, during the Latin American Wars of Independence, both Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba declared their support for the independence movement led by General Manuel Belgrano of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. This marked a significant step towards breaking away from Spanish colonial rule in the region.
September 1812: Salta fell into the hands of a royalist battalion.
February 1813: The battle of Salta in 1813 was a key victory for the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, led by General Manuel Belgrano. The surrender of Spanish royalist forces, commanded by General Pio Tristán, marked a significant turning point in the Argentine War of Independence.
November 1813: Battle of Ayohuma: Royalist victory. Northern Army retreat to Jujuy.
March 1813: The Argentinian Northern Army occupied Tupiza during its advance.
May 1812: Cochabamba again fell into royalist hands.
March 1813: Spanish royalist General Goyeneche evacuated Potosí, a city in present-day Bolivia, and retreated to Oruro.
3.4.1.Third Upper Peru Campaign
Was an Argentine military campaign in Upper Peru (corresponding to modern-day Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
April 1816: Tarija fell into the hands of the royalists.
January 1816: After the Battle of Sipe on November 29, the Spanish occupied all the cities of Upper Peru during the month of December, except Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
December 1815: In 1815, Chuquisaca was occupied by the leaders of the two republics of La Laguna and Vallegrande, José Miguel Lanza (Padilla) and Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales. The territory then went to the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
May 1816: In 1816, in Cinti, Vicente Camargo, a leader of the Repubblichetta di Cinti, was killed after suffering three defeats in March and April. This marked the end of the short-lived independent republic in the region, which was part of Spanish America at the time.
December 1815: General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, a prominent military leader in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, seized Cochabamba in 1815 during the War of Independence in South America. Cochabamba was a strategic location in the fight against Spanish colonial rule.
3.5.Revolt in Patagonia (1814)
Was a revolt in Patagonia during the Argentine War of Independence.
May 1812: In April 1812, a rebellion that broke out in the isolated fort of Carmen de Patagones, in Patagonia, led by Faustino Ansay, a prisoner in the locality after he had been deposed from his duties in Mendoza, allowed the royalists to take possession of the port.
December 1814: In 1814, the city of Carmen de Patagones was officially incorporated into the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
3.6.Uruguay Front
Was an Argentine military campaign in Uruguay during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
October 1812: The Patriot army again laid siege to Montevideo.
May 1814: Alvear, a military leader and politician from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, occupied Montevideo on May 23, 1814.
March 1814: In rapid succession, the territories of Corrientes and Misiones, with the villages of the interior of the Banda Oriental, declared themselves in favor of the federalism advocated by Artigas.
3.7.Guerra Gaucha
Was a series of battles and guerrila actions between Spanish Royalist troops and Argentine troops in the Salta del Tucumán area of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the Argentine War of Independence. .
December 1822: Volcán conquered by Argentina.
January 1818: After the Battle of Suipacha in 1818, General Manuel Belgrano evacuated the city of Jujuy and retreated to Yavi, in present-day Argentina. Belgrano was a key military leader in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata during the Argentine War of Independence.
August 1814: General José de San Martín, leader of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, ordered Martín Miguel de Güemes to organize guerilla actions against the Spanish forces in the region. Güemes' gauchos successfully disrupted the Spanish advance, leading to the withdrawal of General Joaquín de la Pezuela's army from Jujuy in 1814.
May 1814: Antonio José de Sucre and Simón Bolívar, achieved a great victory in the battle of La Florida against Spanish forces. Following their success, they were able to take control of Cochabamba.
May 1814: On May 27, 1814, Spanish General Joaquín de la Pezuela entered Jujuy, a province in present-day Argentina. This event marked the beginning of the Spanish reconquest of the region during the Argentine War of Independence.
January 1817: General Manuel Belgrano entered Jujuy on 6 January 1817 during the Argentine War of Independence. Belgrano was a key military leader in the struggle for independence from Spanish rule in South America.
January 1818: On January 14, 1818, Spanish forces occupied Jujuy.
March 1819: On March 26, the Spanish occupied San Salvador de Jujuy.
May 1820: Ramírez Orozco was a Spanish military leader who took command of the Spanish forces in Upper Peru. Jujuy was a province in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located in present-day Argentina. The occupation of Jujuy was part of the Spanish efforts to maintain control over their territories in South America during the wars of independence.
May 1820: In 1820, General José de San Martín led the Argentine forces in the successful taking of Salta, a key city in the fight for independence from Spanish rule. This victory allowed them to advance further into Spanish America, reaching the Pasaje river.
July 1820: Compelled by the forces of the patriots, on July 14 Spanish royalist general Pedro Antonio Olañeta signed an armistice and withdrew to Upper Peru.
July 1822: The last royalist incursion into Argentine territory was made in June 1822 by General Pedro Antonio Olañeta, a loyalist to the Spanish crown. He arrived at Volcán, a few kilometers north of Jujuy, during the ongoing Argentine War of Independence.
March 1819: The Spanish evacuated the city of Jujuy, retreating to Yavi.
May 1814: In 1814, General Juan Ramírez de Orozco, a Spanish royalist military leader, occupied the city of Salta in present-day Argentina during the Argentine War of Independence. Salta was part of the Spanish America territory at the time.
April 1817: After failing to consolidate his positions and after receiving increasingly certain news of the triumph of General José de San Martín in Chile, Viceroy José de la Serna abandoned Salta and Jujuy in March 1817, retreating to Tupiza.
3.8.Civil War in Urugay
Was a a cil war in Uruguay, at the time part of the Río de la Plata Provinces.
January 1815: In January of the following year, following the victory of Artigas's troops in the battle of Guayabos, Alvear agreed to peace and left the control of the Eastern Province to his adversary.
July 1814: Despite his promise to return the city to Artigas' men, Alvear attacked his lieutenants, thus reigniting the civil war.
3.9.Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
Was a Portuguese military campaign during the Argentine War of Independence that resulted in the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental region (Uruguay).
January 1818: Lecor took the city of Maldonado.
August 1816: Hostilities began on August 28, when the vanguard of the army of Carlos Frederico Lecor, under the command of Marshal Sebastião Pinto de Araújo Correia, occupied the fortress of Santa Teresa.
September 1816: The Luso-Brazilian vanguard, commanded by Sebastião Pinto de Araújo Correia, occupied the city of Castillos.
January 1817: The following day, Latorre attacked Alegrete, engaging him in the battle of Catalán; after an initial phase favorable to the Orientals, the arrival of Abreu's cavalry delivered victory to the Portuguese.
July 1817: On July 2 Guazurary arrived to help the local militias, defeating the Portuguese in the battle of Apóstoles, forcing them to retreat outside of Misiones.
January 1818: The Portuguese took possession of Montevideo.
April 1819: Argentine forces reached the village of San Nicolás, where they established headquarters.
January 1821: Meeting on July 15, 1821, the Cisplatinian Congress asked three days later for the formal accession of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve to the United Kingdom. The Province Cisplatina was eventually incorporated into the Portuguese kingdom.
November 1818: Almost two years after the start of the invasion of Banda oriental, the Portuguese general finally managed to unite his forces with those of Curado, consolidating his power south of the Río Negro and occupying Colonia del Sacramento, the coastal ports and the entire eastern area. Artigas was left with sole control of the depopulated northern portion of the Banda Oriental.
February 1817: Over a period of two months, Chagas subjected villages on both sides of Uruguay to a regime of terror.
September 1816: Guazurary besieged San Borja.
October 1816: The Luso-Brazilian forces of Chagas, aided by the arrival of Abreu, defeated him in what was called the Battle of San Borja, forcing him to retreat to the western bank of Uruguay as well.
June 1819: Battle of Itacurubi. Portuguese forces iccupy San Nicolás and the old jesuite reduciones.
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Chile against Spanish rule.
April 1818: In 1818, José de San Martín led the independence forces of Spanish America to a decisive victory over the Spanish royalists led by Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipú. This victory marked a turning point in the Chilean War of Independence, as the royalists were forced to retreat to Concepcion and never posed a significant threat to Santiago again.
April 1818: In 1818, José de San Martín defeated the Spanish royalists led by Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipú in Chile. This victory marked the retreat of the Spanish forces to Concepcion, solidifying Chile's independence from Spain.
February 1820: The Republic of Chile captured Valdivia.
March 1820: In 1820, Georges Beauchef, a French officer in the Chilean Army, led an expedition from Valdivia to secure Osorno from Spanish forces. He successfully defeated the royalists at the Battle of El Toro, ensuring that the territory remained under the control of the Republic of Chile.
March 1818: The Battle of Cancha Rayada, was fought in Chile between South American patriots and Spanish royalists, during the Osorio's campaign in the South American wars of independence. The result was a defeat for the patriot forces.
4.1.Chilean independence declaration (1810)
Was the first independence declaration of Chile from Spain.
September 1810: The Government Junta of the Kingdom of Chile, also known as the First Junta, was organized with the same powers as a Royal Governor.
4.2.Spanish reconquista of Chile
Was a Spanish military campaign against Chilean revolutionaries. Chile was reconquered by Spain.
October 1814: The Battle of Rancagua also known in Chile as the Disaster of Rancagua occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the rebel Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins. A little while later, Osorio entered Santiago and put the rebellion of the Patria Vieja to an end.
4.3.Chilean independence declaration (1818)
Was the second and final independence declaration of Chile from Spain.
February 1818: In 1818, the Captaincy General of Chile declared itself independent from Spanish rule, becoming the Republic of Chile.
A series of related conflicts that resulted in the independence of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada.
5.1.Secession of New Grenada
Was the secession of the Viceroyalty of New Granada from Spain.
5.1.1.Colombian Secessionist States
Was the creation of several revolutionary polities that wanted to be independent from Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
April 1811: Under the guidance of Jorge Tadeo Lozano, the province of Santafé transformed itself into a state called the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca.
February 1813: In 1813, Simón Bolívar led the United Provinces of New Granada to victory in the Battle of Cúcuta against royalist forces. This marked a significant turning point in the independence movement in South America.
November 1811: The "Congress of the United Provinces," meanwhile, started meeting again. Despite Cundinamarca's opposition, the Congress finally achieved an agreement and delivered the Act of Federation of the United Provinces of New Granada on November 27, 1811, which was written by Camilo Torres and signed by the deputies of five provinces.
January 1813: In 1813, Simón Bolívar captured Ocaña, a strategic city in present-day Colombia, during the Venezuelan War of Independence. This victory helped secure the route to Venezuela and furthered Bolívar's campaign against Spanish colonial rule.
February 1814: Nariño assembled his 'Army of the South,' numbering 1500 to 2000 men, and managed to capture Popayán in January 1814.
November 1811: Cartagena became the first province in New Granada to formally declare its independence from Spain on November 11, 1811.
January 1815: Nariño assembled his 'Army of the South,' numbering 1500 to 2000 men, and managed to capture Popayán in January 1814, but was then defeated by the Royalist forces in Pasto, after which he was arrested in May 1814, and then sent to the Royal prison at Cádiz. The failure of the campaign and the capture of Nariño left an enfeebled Cundinamarca, so the United Provinces took the opportunity to send an army against it, headed by Simón Bolívar, who had fled Venezuela for the second time after the fall of the Second Republic of Venezuela. Bolívar and his army forced the submission of Cundinamarca to the United Provinces by December 1814.
5.1.1.1.First Colombian civil war
Was a civil war between federalists and centralists in the Viceroyalty of New Granada that had declared independence from Spain.
December 1811: On November 26, 1812, Nariño left with his army to conquer Tunja. On December 2, 1812, his army faced a federalist army commanded by Antonio Ricaurte and Atanasio Girardot in the Battle of Ventaquemada, and was soundly defeated.
5.1.2.Colombian Juntas
Was the creation of several revolutionary juntas that wanted to be independent from Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
June 1811: With Villavicencio's support, the open council forced Cartagena's governor to acquiesce to a co-government with two people chosen by the council, and then ousted the governor on June 14, establishing a government junta instead.
July 1811: Cali conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: Pamplona conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: Socorro conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
August 1811: Independent juntas were established in Honda in July.
October 1811: Antioquia, Popayán, Neiva, Quibdó and Nóvita conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
November 1811: Tunja conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: The viceregal capital, Santa Fe de Bogotá, established its own junta.
5.1.3.Spanish reconquest of New Granada
Was the Spanish reconquest of modern-day Colombia, that had revolted against Spain.
July 1816: Battle of La Plata: was the last military confrontation between royalists and patriots waged within the framework of the so-called Patria Boba.
December 1815: In 1815, Spanish forces led by General Pablo Morillo besieged Cartagena, a key city in Spanish America. The siege lasted five months before the fortified city fell in December.
June 1815: Morillo's troops reinforced existing royalist forces in the Venezuelan mainland, entering Cumaná and Caracas in May.
May 1816: In 1816, Spanish forces led by Pablo Morillo and colonial forces led by Antonio Nariño completed the reconquest of New Granada, taking Bogotá on May 6, 1816. This marked a significant victory for the Spanish America territory.
May 1815: In 1815, Spain sent to its most seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that it had ever sent to the Americas. the force initially landed at Carupano and the island of Margarita in April, where no resistance was encountered.
June 1815: In 1815, Spanish General Pablo Morillo led troops to reinforce royalist forces in Cumaná and Caracas, territories in Spanish America. This marked a significant event in the Venezuelan War of Independence, as Morillo's arrival strengthened Spanish control in the region.
June 1816: Battle of La Cumbo de El Tambo: In this battle the republican troops were totally defeated at the hands of the royalist army. With this triumph of the royalist forces, the Republic of Grenada ended and the Spanish reconquest of the territory of New Granada was terminated.
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of Peru against Spanish rule.
February 1824: Spanish loyalists recaptured of the fort on February 5, 1824.
February 1824: In 1824, Spanish troops commanded by General Juan Antonio Monet entered Lima, the capital of Peru.
July 1821: Independence of the Protectorate of Peru from the Kingdom of Spain.
6.1.First revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
July 1811: On July 25, 1811, the Peruvian separatists of Tacna learned of the defeat of the Argentine patriots in the battle of Guaqui. This event was the cause of total bewilderment between them, despite the fact that they were organizing themselves.
July 1811: The Tacna insurrection of 1811 was an autonomist movement that took place in Tacna and proclaimed the independence of Peru.
6.2.Huánuco Revolt
Was an indigenous revolt in Huánuco during the Peruvian War of Independence.
February 1812: Indigenous rebellion of Huánuco.
March 1812: Huánuco was reconquered by the Spanish forces.
March 1812: In 1812, Huánuco was conquered by the Spanish forces.
6.3.Second revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
November 1813: The Peruvian Rebels took refuge towards Upper Peru while Tacna fell once again to the royalists.
October 1813: Under Enrique Pallardelli, the patriots of Tacna took possession of the city's barracks, capturing the royalist governor of the province.
6.4.Cusco Revolt
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Cusco, Viceroyalty of Peru.
November 1814: Mateo Pumacahua was a Peruvian rebel leader who led the patriots to victory against the royalists in Apacheta, Arequipa on November 9, 1814. Following their success, the patriots entered Arequipa and placed it under the Government Junta of Cusco on November 24, 1814.
November 1814: To recapture La Paz, the Spanish royalists marched from Oruto with a royalist regiment equipped with 1,500 rifles, and many Indians, commanded by the Spanish general Juan Ramírez. They met outside La Paz on November 1, 1814, with the defeat of the patriots.
September 1814: The second patriot section was installed in Huamanga, under the command of Manual Hurtado de Mendoza and had for lieutenants José Gabriel Béjar and Mariano Angulo. Therefore Mendoza ordered to march on Huancayo, cities which they conquered peacefully.
September 1814: Battle of Huanta: the actions lasted three days, during which the Peruvian patriots retreated, abandoning Huamanga.
September 1814: The Agulo and Pumacahua brothers organized an army divided into three sections: the first was sent to Upper Peru, under the command of León Pinelo and the Argentine priest Ildefonso Muñecas, and entered La Paz with 500 rifles and 20,000 armed Indians, with stones and slingshots, on September 14, 1814. On September 24, 1814 of the same year they took La Paz.
November 1814: Upon being informed of the war measures ordered by the viceroy and knowing of the proximity of royalist troops, Pumacahua and Angulo decided to withdraw around Cuzco, leaving all the municipalities and occupied provinces free. An open town hall in Arequipa reconvened and hastened to accord allegiance to the king on November 30 , 1814 .
March 1815: Angulo, Béjar, Paz, and González, were leaders of a rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in Cusco, Peru. They were captured and executed on March 29, 1815, as part of the Crown's strategy to suppress dissent through public displays of punishment.
August 1814: In 1814, the Agulo brothers, prominent Creoles, led a rebellion in Cusco against Spanish colonial rule. They formed the Junta of Cusco, establishing control over the territory and supporting the Peruvian Rebels in their fight for independence.
6.5.José de San Martín's liberation of Peru
Was a military campaign by Argentine general José de San Martín against Spanish rule in Peru.
November 1820: In 1820, General José de San Martín, a leader in the South American struggle for independence, advanced to Huaura, Peru, where he set up his headquarters. The town was a strategic location for the Peruvian and Chilean rebels in their fight against Spanish colonial rule.
December 1820: In 1820, the Intendance of Trujillo, located in Peru, declared its independence from Spanish rule. The city of Trujillo, led by Mayor José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre Tagle, played a key role in this rebellion.
June 1821: Hachapoyas and Jaén conquered by Peruvian and Chilean Rebels.
July 1821: The forces of the Liberation Army entered Lima.
September 1820: In 1820, Chilean rebels under the command of José de San Martín landed in Chincha, Peru, as part of their campaign to liberate South America from Spanish colonial rule. The rebels aimed to gain control of strategic territories like Chincha and Paracas to weaken Spanish control in the region.
January 1821: Piura and Cajamarca were taken from Spanish control by Peruvian and Chilean rebels on January 6, 1821.
August 1821: Maynas conquered by forces of chile and argentina.
September 1821: The Peruvian patriots achieved the surrender of the Callao fortresses.
November 1820: The Liberating Expedition was led by the Chilean General Jose de San Martin and the Peruvian rebel leader Simon Bolivar. They arrived in Huacho as part of their campaign to liberate Peru from Spanish colonial rule in 1820.
September 1822: The first Constituent Congress of Peru was installed.
December 1820: Lambayeque fell to Peruvian and Chilean Rebels.
July 1821: In a very solemn public ceremony, José de San Martín y Matorras proclaimed the independence of Peru.
6.5.1.Arenales campaign in central Peru
Was a military campaign by Argentine general Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales against Spanish rule in central Peru.
October 1820: On 14 October 1820 in Nasca, the Peruvian rebels under the leadership of José de la Riva-Agüero declared independence from Spanish rule. This event marked a significant moment in the struggle for independence in South America.
November 1820: Battle of Cuesta de Jauja.
October 1820: In 1820, in Palpa, Peru, Quimper militants were defeated by pro-independence forces led by Col. Rufino Guido. He commanded 80 horseback hunters and mounted infantry in the battle against the rebels.
October 1820: In 1820, General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, a Peruvian military leader, occupied the city of Ica.
November 1820: Battle of Tarma.
6.6.First Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
January 1823: Spanish General José de la Serna's forces, led by José Carratalá, pursued and defeated the troops of rebel leader Antonio José de Sucre at the Battle of Moquegua. This victory marked a turning point in the conflict, leading to Peru relinquishing territories occupied during the first intermediate campaign.
November 1822: In 1822, General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales arrived in Iquique, where he landed a detachment to initiate action on Upper Peru.
November 1822: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan military and political leader, arrived in Arica, a port city in present-day Chile.
December 1822: Valdés met him, fighting the battle of Torata.
January 1823: Peruvian forces advance towards Tacna.
6.7.Second Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
July 1823: The patriots occupied Tacna and Moquegua.
June 1823: General Santa Cruz arrived at the port and continued to Iquique to direct the landing operations of the patriot forces.
August 1823: The realistic general Gerónimo Valdes attacked Santa Cruz, causing the battle of Zepita, on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The patriots were masters of the field, but without obtaining a decisive victory. But instead of consolidating his victory, Santa Cruz ordered the withdrawal towards the coast.
August 1823: The city of Oruro was taken by the Peruvian forces led by General Agustín Gamarra.
June 1823: In 1823, Rear Admiral Guise led the assault and capture of Arica, a port city in present-day Chile. This military campaign was part of the Chilean War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
August 1823: In 1823, General Andrés de Santa Cruz, a prominent military leader in the Republic of Peru, led a group of patriots to occupy La Paz in Upper Peru as part of the ongoing struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule.
6.8.Royalist counterattack in Lima
Was a Spanish military campaign against Peruvian and Argentine patriots during the Peruvian War of Independence.
June 1823: Lima fell to the royalist troops led by General José de Canterac due to the weak military defense of the city.
July 1823: General Canterac, a Spanish military leader, withdrew from Lima, the capital of Peru. The city was then occupied by the independent forces.
6.9.Simon Bolivar's Campaign
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolivar against Spanish rule in Peru.
December 1824: After the victory of Junín, Simón Bolívar, the leader of the independence movement in South America, returned to Lima, which had been taken by the independentist troops led by José de la Riva-Agüero. This event marked a significant step towards the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule in 1824.
January 1826: Callao, the last Spanish stronghold in Peru, fell to the rebels.
July 1824: In June 1824, General Simón Bolívar's liberating army, supported by Peruvian montoneras, advanced towards the central highlands and arrived in Huánuco, Peru. This marked a significant moment in the South American wars of independence.
August 1824: In 1824, the liberating army led by Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre continued its advance towards the South, bordering Lake Junín. This strategic movement ultimately led to the decisive Battle of Junín, securing the territory for the Republic of Peru.
6.10.Sucre's campaign in Upper Peru
Was a military campaign led by Antonio José de Sucre against Spanish rule in Peru.
March 1825: A Peruvian Division arrived in Oruro.
January 1825: In the third week of January 1825, the army led by General Antonio José de Sucre continued towards Puno, a city located in present-day Peru. Sucre was a prominent military leader in the South American wars of independence and played a key role in the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule.
March 1825: In 1825 the Peruvian army occupied Potosí.
December 1824: After defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, General Antonio José de Sucre led the liberating army of Peru towards Cuzco. On December 30, 1824, the Peruvian division, under the command of General Andrés de Santa Cruz, arrived in Cuzco.
February 1825: In 1825, Marshal Antonio José de Sucre led the Liberation Army across the Desaguadero River to occupy La Paz, Bolivia. Sucre was a trusted general of Simón Bolívar and played a key role in the independence movements in South America.
April 1825: On 7 April, Spanish general José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to Peruvian general Urdininea, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru.
Was fought from 1820 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Royal Audience of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador.
October 1820: The village of Samborondón in Ecuador declared its independence from Spanish colonial rule.
October 1820: Daule conquered by Guayaquil Rebels.
November 1820: The city of Cuenca declared its independence from Spanish rule in 1820.
November 1820: The División Protectora de Quito launches a campaign with the goal of liberating the entire Free Province of Guayaquil, achieving victory in the Battle of Camino Real.
February 1822: In 1822, General Antonio José de Sucre, a prominent military leader in the South American wars of independence, joined forces with General Andrés de Santa Cruz in the indigenous village of Saraguro. This strategic alliance played a crucial role in the liberation of Ecuador from Spanish colonial rule, leading to the incorporation of Saraguro into the Free Province of Guayaquil.
May 1822: Antonio José de Sucre, a Venezuelan independence leader and close ally of Simón Bolívar, led his army to Quito in 1822. The Spanish forces in the city surrendered to Sucre, leading to the territory being incorporated into the Free Province of Guayaquil.
October 1820: The port city of Guayaquil proclaimed its independence in 1820 after a brief and almost bloodless revolt against the Spanish colonial garrison.
January 1822: On January 15, 1822, a military contingent of the Peruvian Army was sent by José de San Martín to help the troops of Antonio José de Sucre. On the 20th, they entered Ecuadorian territory by crossing the Río Macará, then entered the town of Loja without fighting.
November 1820: On November 8, 1820, 57 representatives of all the villages that make up the province of Guayaquil were summoned to the town hall of the city, where the birth of a new state was proclaimed, known as the Free Province of Guayaquil.
August 1821: The Battle of Yaguachi in 1821 was a decisive victory for the forces led by General Jose de Villamil and General Juan Illingworth, securing the independence of the Province of Guayaquil from Spanish colonial rule. This victory ultimately led to the establishment of the Free Province of Guayaquil.
April 1822: Battle of Riobamba.
October 1820: Naranjal conquered by Guayaquil Rebels.
December 1820: The city of Cuenca, located in present-day Ecuador, was taken over by the Royalists, loyal to the Spanish crown, after defeating the Patriots, who were fighting for independence, in the Battle of Verdeloma on December 20, 1820.
June 1822: He entered Quito on June 16, 1822. Amid the general enthusiasm of the population, the former Province of Quito was officially incorporated into the Republic of Colombia.
Spanish American wars of independence
