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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Provence (Frankish Vassal)
Provence (Charles)
Provence (Boso)
County of Provence (Holy Roman)
County of Provence
Establishment
January 538: In 537, a conflict broke out between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic kingdom. To ensure Frankish neutrality in the conflict, King Vitiges ceded Provence to them.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
During the Gothic War against the Byzantine Empire, the Ostrogoths ceded Provence to the Frankish Kingdom.
Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
2.1.Gothic War (535-554)
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. The war had its roots in the ambition of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which the Romans had lost to invading barbarian tribes.
2.1.1.First Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the first Eastern Roman campaign in Italy under General Belisarius during the Gothic War (535-554).
September 539: Frankish raid in Liguria.
October 539: After their raid, the Franks left Liguria.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
3.1.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (561)
The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Guntram received Burgundy with a part of the kingdom of Orléans, where he established his capital.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Sigebert received the kingdom of Metz with its capital Reims and Metz.
3.2.Partition of Middel Francia (Treaty of Prüm)
The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire. As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his sons.
September 855: The Treaty of Prüm, concluded on 19 September 855, was the second of the partition treaties of the Carolingian Empire. As Emperor Lothair I was approaching death, he divided his realm of Middle Francia among his sons.
3.3.Partition of the Kingdom of Provence
When Frankish King Charles of Provence died, his realm was divided between his two brothers: Lothair received the bishoprics of Lyon, Vienne and Grenoble, Louis II received Arles, Aix and Embrun.
January 863: When Charles died, his elder brother Emperor Louis II also claimed Provence, so the realm was divided between the two: Lothair received the bishoprics of Lyon, Vienne and Grenoble, to be governed by Gerard; Louis II received Arles, Aix and Embrun.
3.4.Secession of Provence
When West Frankish Emperor Louis the Stammerer died, Provence seceded.
October 879: In April 879, Louis the Stammerer died, leaving two adult sons, Louis III of France and Carloman II. Boso joined with other western Frankish nobles and advocated making Louis III of France the sole heir of the western kingdom, but eventually both brothers were elected kings. Boso renounced allegiance to the brothers and in July claimed independence by claiming the title Dei gratia id quod sum: by the Grace of God, that is what I am. He also claimed that his imperial father-in-law had named him as his heir. On 15 October 879, the bishops and nobles of the region around the rivers Rhône and Saône assembled in the Synod of Mantaille. They elected Boso King and successor to Louis the Stammerer, the first non-Carolingian king in Western Europe in more than a century.
3.5.Frankish Invasion of Provence
After Louis and Carloman divided West Francia after their father's death, the brothers invaded Provence which had seceded.
January 881: After Louis and Carloman divided their father's realm at Amiens in March 880, the two brothers joined to march against Boso. They took Mâcon and the northern parts of Boso's realm. Then uniting their forces with those of Charles the Fat, they unsuccessfully besieged Vienne from August to November.
February 881: After Louis and Carloman divided their father's realm at Amiens in March 880, the two brothers joined to march against Boso. They took Mâcon and the northern parts of Boso's realm. Then uniting their forces with those of Charles the Fat, they unsuccessfully besieged Vienne from August to November.
3.6.German Invasion of Italy
Arnulf of East Francia invaded Italy.
October 900: When Arnulph died, the imperial title was once again vacant, so the Marquis of Tuscany Adalbert and Pope Benedict IV proposed the imperial crown to Louis the Blind, King of Provence. The latter went down to Italy, defeated Berengari, had himself elected King of Italy by the Diet of Pavia (900) and had himself crowned Emperor by the Pope (901).
3.7.War in Italy between Louis the Blind and Berengar of Friuli
Was a struggle between Louis the Blind, King of Provence, and Berengar I, who was the King of Italy.
July 905: In 902 Berengar strengthened his army with mercenaries of Magyar origin and faced the new Emperor a second time, defeating him and forcing him to return to Provence. In 905 Ludovico went back to Italy, faced Berengario who defeated him a second time and imprisoned him in Verona. Ludovico, accused by the Marquis of perjury and then blinded, had to return to Provence and renounced his imperial and royal titles, leaving the Provençal kingdom in the hands of Hugh. Berengar therefore remained the only king.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 902: In 901, the Magyars attacked Italy again.
February 902: In 901, the Magyars attacked Italy again. The territories were left after the raid.
January 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees.
February 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees. The Magyars then left the raided territories.
January 920: In 919, after the death of Conrad I of Germany, the Magyars raided Saxony, Lotharingia and West France.
February 920: End of the 919 Magyar raid in Saxony, Lotharingia and West France.
January 927: In 926, the Hungarians ravaged Swabia and Alsace, campaigned through present-day Luxembourg and reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean.
February 927: In 926, the Hungarians ravaged Swabia and Alsace, campaigned through present-day Luxembourg and reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean. After the raid, the Magyars left the occupied territories.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
The merger of the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy under King Rudolf II led to the establishement of the Kingdom of Arles.
January 934: After the reverses suffered by Hugh, in recent years, the Italian nobles went to Burgundy to recall King Rudolf in Italy but, having learned of it, Hugh of Arles sent his messengers to offer the King of Burgundy, Rudolf II, all the territories he had governed in Provence, on the condition that Rudolph never set foot again in Italy. Rudolf accepted and thus, in that year, the kingdom of Arles or the two Burgundies originated from the union of Transjurana Burgundy and Provence.
Expansion during the rule of Amadeus VIII in the County of Savoy.
January 1418: On the death of Louis II of Provence in 1417, Barcelonnette reverted to Savoy.
January 890: Fraxinetum was the site of a 10th-century fortress established by Muslims at modern La Garde-Freinet, near Saint-Tropez, in Provence. According to Liudprand of Cremona, in about 889 a ship carrying twenty adventurers from Pechina, near Almería, in what was then Al-Andalus, anchored in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They were called muwallad, that is, converts to Islam who spoke both Latin and Arabic. They built a tiny stone fortification and protected their outposts by cultivating thorny bushes.
July 926: In the same year, however, while Rodolfo was in Burgundy, northern Italy was attacked by the Hungarians, who devastated Lombardy and burned Pavia. Then Adalbert I's widow and Hugh's half-sister, Ermengarda, joined her brother, Guido of Tuscany and the archbishop of Milan, Lamperto, and they rebelled against Rodolfo. After Rudolf had definitively left Italy, the nobles who had rebelled against him, in agreement with the nobility who had supported Berengar, offered the throne to Hugh, Marquis of Provence, who accepted it and after having landed near Pisa , on 6 July 926 he was crowned in Pavia.
January 951: The County of Provence, not to be confused with the Marquisate of Provence, was a large sovereign and independent county within the Holy Roman Empire, which arose in the mid-10th century as a fief of the kingdom of Arles.
January 974: The Muslims were defeated at the Battle of Tourtour by William I of Provence. They were expelled from Fraxinetum in 973 by an alliance of Rotbold I of Provence and Arduin Glaber.
January 1094: The County of Forcalquier existed from c.1093.
January 1114: In 1113, the Countess of Provence, Dolce I, granted the title and government of the county of Provence to her husband, Count Raimondo Berengario III of Barcelona, of the house of Barcelona.
January 1197: Alfonso II of Aragon bequeathed the Marquisate of Provence to his second son, Alfonso II of Provence. From that moment, the dynasty of the Counts of Provence, who descended from the King of Aragon Alfonso II, kept the county independent from the Crown.
January 1210: With the Marriage of Garsende de Sabran and Alphonse II of Provence, Forcalquier lost its independence.
January 1246: Provence was acquired by Aragon after the death of Ramón Berenguer V of Provence in 1245.
January 1248: Finally, the marriage of Beatriz I of Provenza (great-granddaughter of the King of Aragon Alfonso II) with Count Carlos I of Anjou in 1247 determined the end of the domain of the House of Aragon and the beginning of the link with the Anjou dynasty. This union with the French dynasty allowed the temporary union of the County of Provence with the Kingdom of Naples.
January 1389: The Count of Savoy Amadeus VIII took control of Barcelonnette.
January 1391: Barcelonnette returned to Provençal control in 1390, with the d'Audiffret family as its lords.
January 1472: Count René retook Barcelonette for Provence in 1471.
Disestablishment
January 1488: The county of Provence was reunited with France in 1487.
Selected Sources
De La Blanche, P. (1894): Atlas général d'histoire et géographie, Armand Colin & Cie, Editeurs, p.21
Grégoire de Tours, Histoire, livre IV, 19, 21, 54.
Lajos G. (2011): Hungary in the Carpathian Basin, Budapest (Hungary), p. 18
Middleton, J. (2015): World Monarchies and Dynasties Vol.1-3, Routledge, p.195
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
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