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Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
Chronology
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January 403: Pannonia and Dalmatia conquered by Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
January 403: The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Moesia ceased to exist when the Ostrogoths left for Pannonia.
January 402: In 401, therefore, Alaric invaded Italy, in an attempt to force the Western Emperor Honorius to grant the Visigoths a permanent settlement within the western part. Defeated by General Stilicone, regent of Honorius, first at Pollenzo (402) and then at Verona (403).
With the cessation of the payment of tribute previously made by the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249) to the tribes beyond the Danube, the Goths and their allies, led by King Ostrogotha and his subcommanders Argedo and Gundericus, moved towards the Roman border and began a series of attacks.
January 251: Because Eperor Philip the Arab had refused to continue payments of annual subsidies to the Goths, they looted the city of Beroe.
February 251: The War in 251 at Beroe was between the Roman Empire, led by Emperor Decius, and Philip the Arab, who had refused to pay annual subsidies. Decius' forces emerged victorious at the Battle of Beroe, capturing the city and looting it.
January 252: The Battle of Philippopolis in 250 or 251 saw the Goths, led by their king Cniva, emerge victorious after a prolonged siege of the city. The Roman Empire suffered a significant defeat, with Emperor Decius losing his life in the battle.
February 252: The Battle of Philippopolis in 250 or 251 was between the Goths, led by King Cniva, and the Roman Empire, led by Emperor Trajan Decius. After a long siege, the Goths emerged victorious, leading to the territory of Philippopolis falling under Roman control in 252.
January 250: Decius was forced to withdraw his army north to Oescus leaving Cniva ample time to ravage Moesia.
Was a war of the Roman Empire against invading Goths and Scythians.
February 268: Roman Emperor Claudius II defeated the Gothic invaders at the Battle of Naissus.
January 268: The greatest Gothic invasion so far occurred in 268. The Goths' seaborne allies, the Heruli, supplied a fleet carrying huge armies along the coast of the Black Sea where they ravaged coastal territories in Thrace and Macedonia. Other huge forces crossed the Danube in Moesia. An invasion of Goths into the province of Pannonia was also threatening disaster.
Was a military campaign of Roman Emperor Valens against the Visigoths under Athanaric.
June 367: Valens was the Roman Emperor at the time, while Athanaric was the king of the Visigoths. The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that had settled north of the Danube. Valens' attack on Athanaric's Visigoths in 367 marked a significant event in the Roman Empire's efforts to control the territory north of the Danube.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by their king Athanaric. This event took place in the territory north of the Danube, which later came under the control of the Kingdom of the Gepids.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by Athanaric in the territory north of the Danube. This event marked a significant conflict between the Roman Empire and the Visigoths, who were eventually driven into the territory of the Ostrogoths in Dacia.
January 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
February 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
January 370: In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric to attack him.
February 370: Valente sent the general Arinteo to restore Pope to the Armenian throne already the summer following the first action against the Goths (in 369?), also at the request of the Armenian nobility itself.
Was a war between the Goths and the Roman Empire. The Goths, that were fleeing an invasion of the Huns, entered the Roman Empire requesting asylum. The Romans allowed the Goths to enter, but the harsh conditions in the small area that was assigned to them caused a revolt.
January 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
February 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
A peace treaty with the Romans allowed the Goths to create their own kingdom as foederati of the Roman Empire.
October 382: On October 3, 382, peace was signed between the Roman Empire and the Goths. Thervingi and Gruthungi became Foederati of the Empire, and obtained lands in Moesia and Lower Scythia, and perhaps also in Macedonia; they were allowed to settle within the Empire, and to maintain their tribal cohesion: in exchange, the Goths were supposed to provide allied contingents to the Roman army.
Was a Visigothic revolt led by Alaric I in the Balkans.
January 395: After Theodosius died, in the end the anti-Roman faction of the Goths prevailed: in 395, under the command of Alaric I, their leader and king, the Foederati Goths revolted, devastating Greece and Thrace until Alaric obtained from the Emperor Oriente Arcadio the office of magister militum for Illyricum.
Was a war between the invading Visigoths and the Roman Empire.
January 402: In 401, the Visigothic king Alaric invaded Northern Italy up to Pollenza.
February 402: Visigothic king Alaric was defeated by the Roman general Stilicho at the Battle of Pollentia on April 6, 402.
July 402: The second invasion in 402 was led by the Visigoths under King Alaric I, who were defeated by the Roman army at the Battle of Verona. This marked a significant victory for the Roman Empire in their efforts to defend northern Italy from barbarian invasions.
August 402: The second invasion in 402 was led by the Visigothic king Alaric I against the Western Roman Empire. The Battle of Verona resulted in a decisive victory for the Romans, led by the general Stilicho, who successfully defended the territory in northern Italy.
February 396: The Roman Senate paid a large subsidy to the Visigoths to prevent further devastation of Greece by Alaric's forces in 396.
January 396: The Visgoths led by Alaric devastated Greece.
The sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric. This was the first time in almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy.
August 410: In 410, Rome was invaded by the Visigoths led by King Alaric. The invaders plundered the city for three days, looting temples, public places, and private homes. This event marked a significant decline in the power and prestige of the Roman Empire.
September 410: End of the Visigothic Sack of Rome of 410.
Visigoths under Theodoric II fought against the Western Roman Empire under Majorian.
November 458: In late 458 Majorian entered Septimania (now southern France) to attack Theodoric and reclaim the province for the empire. Majorian defeated Theodoric at the Battle of Arelate, forcing him to abandon the territory.
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. The war had its roots in the ambition of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which the Romans had lost to invading barbarian tribes.
10.1.First Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the first Eastern Roman campaign in Italy under General Belisarius during the Gothic War (535-554).
September 535: Belisarius lands in Sicily.
September 535: Mundus conquers Dalmatia.
January 536: Sicily conquered by Eastern Roman Empire.
July 536: Belisarius, a Byzantine general under Emperor Justinian I, captured the city of Regium in 536. This victory was part of his campaign to reconquer the Western Roman Empire territories from the Ostrogoths during the Gothic War.
December 536: In 536, the Byzantine general Belisarius captured Naples from the Ostrogoths during the Gothic War. This victory was part of the Eastern Roman Empire's efforts to reclaim Italy under the rule of Emperor Justinian I.
January 537: In 536, the Byzantine general Belisarius successfully captured Rome from the Ostrogoths.
November 537: Byzantines conquer Ariminum and Ancona.
March 538: The Siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths in 538 was led by the Gothic king Vitiges against the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by Emperor Justinian I. The siege lasted over a year and resulted in the city falling to the Ostrogoths before being recaptured by the Byzantines.
May 538: In 538, the Byzantine general Solomon led the conquest of Liguria, expanding the Eastern Roman Empire's territory up to Mediolanum (modern-day Milan). This marked a significant military achievement for the Byzantines in their efforts to reclaim lost territories in Italy.
May 538: In 538, the city of Mediolanum (modern-day Milan) was besieged and sacked by the Burgundians and the Goths, led by their respective kings, Godegisel and Vitiges. This event marked a significant blow to the Western Roman Empire, as the territory fell under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
June 538: Mediolanum, a city in Italy, was sieged and sacked in 538 by the Burgundians and the Goths, led by King Vitiges. The attack was part of the Gothic War between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths.
September 538: Byzantine conquest of Urbinum, Urbs Vetus, Auxinum and Faesulae.
September 539: Frankish raid in Liguria.
October 539: After their raid, the Franks left Liguria.
June 540: Byzantine occupation of Ravenna.
June 541: Ildibad reestablished control over Venetia and Liguria and decisively defeated the Roman general Vitalius at Treviso, but after having Uraias murdered because of a quarrel between their wives, he too was assassinated in May 541 in retribution.
January 543: After much urging by Justinian, the generals Constantian and Alexander combined their forces and advanced upon Verona. Through treachery they managed to capture a gate in the city walls, but then delayed so much by quarreling over the prospective booty that the Goths were able to recapture the gate, forcing the Byzantines to withdraw. Totila came up upon their camp near Faventia, and with 5,000 men destroyed the Roman army. Totila then marched down into Tuscany, where he besieged Florence. Three Roman generals, John, Bessas, and Cyprian marched to its relief, but in the Battle of Mucellium, their forces were defeated and dispersed.
January 550: The Ostrogothic reconquest of Rome in 549 was led by the Ostrogothic king Totila, who successfully recaptured the city from the Byzantine Empire during the Gothic War. This marked a significant victory for the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in their ongoing conflict with the Byzantines.
April 536: Tho Ostrogoths reconquer part of Dalmatia.
April 537: The Siege of Rome by the Ostrogoths in 537 was led by the Gothic king Vitiges against the Byzantine garrison in the city, commanded by Belisarius. The siege lasted over a year and resulted in the Ostrogoths capturing Rome and establishing it as the capital of their kingdom.
July 536: The Byzantines reconquer Dalmatia.
January 547: Instead of remaining in central Italy, where his forces were outnumbered and even a single defeat might prove disastrous, Totila decided to march south, where Roman garrisons were few and weak. He bypassed Rome, and very soon, the provinces of southern Italy were forced to recognize his authority. This campaign amply illustrates the crucial points of Totila's strategy: rapid movements to take control of the countryside, leaving the Byzantines in control of isolated strongholds, mostly on the coast, which could be reduced later. When a fortified location fell, its walls were usually razed so that it would no longer be of any military value. Furthermore, Totila followed a conscious policy of treating his captives well, thus enticing them to surrender rather than resist to the end, and actively tried to win over the Italian population to his side.
10.2.Second Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the second major Eastern Roman offensive during the Gothic War (535-554).
January 563: The lands and cities across the River Po were still held by Franks, Alemanni and Goths, and it was not until 562 that their last strongholds, the cities of Verona and Brixia were subjugated. Nevertheless, according to Roman historian Procopius of Caesarea, the barbarian population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy under Roman sovereignty.
July 561: Verona was captured by the Byzantines on July 20, 561.
10.2.1.Battle of Taginae
Byzantine General defeated and killed Ostrogothic King Totila at the Battle of Taginae (552).
August 552: A new Italian campaign was organized under Justinian's nephew Germanus Justinus. With the death of Germanus in 551, Narses took on Totila, and at the Battle of Taginae (552) Narses defeated and killed Totila.
10.2.2.Battle of Mons Lactarius
Was a battle between the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Byzanzine Empire in Campania.
November 553: After the Battle of Taginae, in which the Ostrogoth king Totila was killed, the Byzantine general Narses captured Rome and besieged Cumae. Teia, the new Ostrogothic king, gathered the remnants of the Ostrogothic army and marched to relieve the siege, but in October 552 (or early 553) Narses ambushed him at Mons Lactarius in Campania, near Mt. Vesuvius and Nuceria Alfaterna. The battle lasted two days, and Teia was killed in the fighting. Ostrogothic power in Italy was eliminated, and the remaining Ostrogoths went back north and (re)settled in south Austria. After the battle, Italy was again invaded, this time by the Franks, but they too were defeated and the peninsula was, for a time, reintegrated into the empire.
10.2.3.Frankish Invasion of Italy (555)
In 554, a massive army of about thirty thousand Franks and Alemanni invaded Byzantine Italy.
January 555: In 554, a massive army of about thirty thousand Franks and Alemanni invaded Italy and met the Byzantine army on the banks of the river Volturnus. The Roman legions under Narses formed up the central defenses, while several detachments of Herulian mercenaries controlled the flanks. In the Battle of the Volturnus, the Franks and Alemanni were driven back, suffering heavy losses.
February 555: In 554, a massive army of about thirty thousand Franks and Alemanni invaded Italy and met the Byzantine army on the banks of the river Volturnus. The Roman legions under Narses formed up the central defenses, while several detachments of Herulian mercenaries controlled the flanks. In the Battle of the Volturnus, the Franks and Alemanni were driven back, suffering heavy losses.
10.2.4.Capitulation of Campsa
After the invasion of Italy by the Eastern Roman Army and the collapse of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, seven thousand Goths held out at Campsa, near Naples until they capitulated in the spring of 555.
February 555: After being defeate din most of Italy, seven thousand Goths entrenched themselves at Campsa, near Naples.
June 555: Campsa, the last Gothic stronghold in Italy, capitulated to the Byzantines in the spring of 555.
Gothic Wars
