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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Tibetan Empire
Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Tsangpa
Khoshut Khanate
Tibet (Qing)
Tibet
Establishment
January 619: Monyul came under increasing Tibetan political and cultural influence.
January 619: The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the Taktsé Castle (Wylie: Stag-rtse) in the Chingba (Phying-ba) district of Chonggyä (Phyongs-rgyas). There, according to the Old Tibetan Chronicle, a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig (Stag-bu snya-gzigs) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje (Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje), who was, in turn, a vassal of the Zhangzhung empire under the Lig myi dynasty.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were the conquests by Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo that resulted in Tibet reaching approximately its largest extent.
January 626: Kingdom of Zhangzhung conquered by Tibetan Empire.
January 628: Tibetan conquest of the northeastern Sumru area, held by the Sumpa tribe.
January 637: In 635-36, the Tibetan Emperor Songtsen Gampo attacked and defeated the Tuyuhun tribe, led by Murong Nuohebo, who controlled trade routes into China from the region around Lake Koko Nur. This victory expanded the Tibetan Empire's territory.
January 637: In 636, the Chinese region of Songzhou, led by General Xue Rengui, faced off against the Tibetan Empire. Tibetan sources claim the Chinese army had 100,000 soldiers, while the Chinese reported over 200,000 men. Ultimately, Songzhou fell to the Tibetan Empire.
January 646: Songtsen Gampo’s sister Sämakar (Sad-mar-kar) was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of Zhangzhung in what is now Western Tibet. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped her brother to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate Zhangzhung into the Tibetan Empire. In 645, Songtsen Gampo overran the kingdom of Zhangzhung.
Were the many wars fought by the Chinese Tang Empire and the Tibetan Empire.
2.1.1st war with Tibet
Was the first war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 639: Emperor Taizong of Tang was a prominent ruler of the Tang Dynasty in China, known for his military conquests and diplomatic skills. Songtsen Gampo was the Tibetan emperor who sought a marriage alliance with the Tang Dynasty. The attack on Songzhou in 639 was a result of the refusal of the marriage alliance by Emperor Taizong.
2.2.2nd war with Tibet
Was the second war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 660: In 659, the Tibetan Empire, under the leadership of Su Dingfang, sent 80,000 soldiers to attack the Heyuan River in modern Qinghai Province. However, they were surprisingly defeated by only 1,000 troops led by Su Dingfang.
February 660: In 659, the Tibetan Empire, led by Songtsen Gampo, sent 80,000 soldiers to attack Heyuan River in Qinghai Province. They were defeated by only 1,000 troops under the command of Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang in 660. This victory solidified Tang control over the region.
January 661: The Tibetans, led by King Songtsen Gampo, returned in 660 to attack Shule Kingdom, a powerful oasis state along the Silk Road. This marked the beginning of Tibetan expansion into Central Asia.
February 661: The Tibetans, led by King Songtsen Gampo, returned in 661 to attack Shule Kingdom, which was then under the rule of the Tang Dynasty. This conflict was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during this time.
January 664: In 663 the Tibetan Empire conquered Tuyuhun.
January 664: The Tibetans invaded Khotan.
February 664: The Tibetan forces are repelled from Khotan.
January 666: The Tibetans invaded Khotan.
February 666: The Tibetan forces are repelled from Khotan.
2.3.3d war with Tibet
Was the third war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 668: In 667, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Songtsen Gampo, sacked the city of Shule and attacked Gumo. These military actions were part of the empire's expansion efforts in the region.
January 668: The Tibetans annexed the former territory of the Tuyuhun, conquered Qiuci, .
January 668: After having incorporated Tuyuhun into Tibetan territory, the powerful minister Gar Songtsen died in 667.
February 668: In 668, the Tibetan Empire under the rule of King Songtsen Gampo sacked the city of Shule and attacked Gumo, expanding their territory. King Songtsen Gampo was a powerful ruler who played a key role in the unification of Tibet.
January 674: The Tang force to the Western Regions retook Shule in the middle of 673 and reverted the Kingdom of Khotan and Qiuci to Tang suzerainty.
2.4.Battle of Dafei River
Was a war fought in mid-670 between the forces of the Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire, for control over the Tarim Basin.
January 671: Shule Kingdom conquered by Tibet.
January 671: The Tibetans gained control over all of the Chinese Four Garrisons of Anxi in the Tarim Basin in 670 and held them until 692, when the Chinese finally managed to regain these territories.
January 671: In 670 the Tibetan Empire routed a Tang army at the Battle of Dafei River and attacked Gumo as well as captured Qiuci.
January 671: Tibet invaded and conquered Khotan.
January 674: Qiuci was a kingdom located in the Western Regions of China. The Tang Dynasty, under the rule of Emperor Gaozong, captured Qiuci in 673, expanding their control over the region and establishing dominance in the area.
2.5.4th war with Tibet
Was the fourth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 677: In 676, the Tibetan Empire attacked Diezhou, Fuzhou, and Jingzhou. Fengtian and Wugong were sacked.
February 677: The Tibetan army leaves Diezhou, Fuzhou, and Jingzhou, as well as Fengtian and Wugong.
January 678: In 677, the Tibetans captured Qiuci.
January 679: In 678, the Tibetans defeated a Tang army in the Qinghai region.
January 680: Their advances were reversed in 679 when Pei Xingjian defeated them and re-established control over the Western Regions.
January 681: In 680, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, captured the Anrong fortress in Sichuan. This marked a significant victory for the Tibetans in their expansion efforts in the region.
2.6.5th war with Tibet
Was the fifth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 687: After the Tang dynasty they abandoned the Western Regions in 686 due to excessive military expenditures and the Tibetan Empire took control of them.
January 693: Western regions (regions west of Yumen Pass) annexed to Wu Zhou.
January 695: The Tibetans, led by their ruler Songtsen Gampo, returned in 694 and attacked Stone City (Charklik), which was a strategic location along the Silk Road. This military campaign was part of the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts in the region.
February 695: The Tibetans, led by their king Wu Zhou, returned in 694 and attacked Stone City (Charklik), a strategic location in the Tarim Basin. The city was eventually captured in 695, marking a significant victory for the Tibetan Empire in their expansion efforts.
2.7.6th war with Tibet
Was the sixth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 701: In 700, Tridu Songtsen, the ruler of the Tibetan Empire, launched an attack on the territories of Hezhou and Liangzhou. This military campaign was part of the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts in the region during that time.
February 701: In 700, Tridu Songtsen, the ruler of the Tibetan Empire, launched an attack on the territories of Hezhou and Liangzhou. The conquest resulted in these regions falling under the control of Wu Zhou, a powerful empress of the Tang Dynasty in China.
January 702: In 701, the Tibetan Empire, led by Emperor Trisong Detsen, allied with the Türks and launched attacks on the territories of Liangzhou, Songzhou, and Taozhou. This military campaign was part of the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts in the region.
February 702: In 701, the Chinese general Wu Zhou allied with the Türks and launched an attack on the territories of Liangzhou, Songzhou, and Taozhou. Wu Zhou was a prominent military leader during the Tang Dynasty, known for his strategic alliances and military campaigns.
January 703: In 702, the Tibetan Empire, led by Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on Maozhou prefecture.
February 703: The Maozhou prefecture was reconquered by the Tang Dynasty under the rule of Empress Wu Zhou.
2.8.7th war with Tibet
Was the seventh war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 711: In 710, Zhang Xuanbiao, a general of the Tang Dynasty, invaded northeastern Tibet. This marked the expansion of Tang Dynasty's territory into the region, leading to increased influence and control over the area.
February 711: In 710, the Chinese general Zhang Xuanbiao invaded northeastern Tibet, which was under the rule of the Tibetan Empire. Zhang Xuanbiao was a military leader during the Tang Dynasty, while the Tibetan Empire was a powerful state in Central Asia during that time.
2.9.8th war with Tibet
Was the eigth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 715: In 714, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched a military campaign and successfully captured the territories of Lintao, Weiyuan, Lanzhou, and Weizhou. This expansion marked the Tibetan Empire's growing power and influence in the region.
February 715: In 714, the Tibetan Empire, led by Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the territories of Lintao, Weiyuan, Lanzhou, and Weizhou. The following year, in 715, these territories were conquered by the Tang Dynasty.
January 716: In 715, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the Beiting Protectorate and Songzhou. This marked a significant military campaign in the expansion of Tibetan territory in Central Asia.
February 716: In 715, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the Beiting Protectorate and Songzhou. The Tibetan forces were led by the general Gar Trinring Tsendro, who successfully captured both territories in 716.
January 718: In 717, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of King Tridu Songtsen, allied with the Arabs and Turgesh to attack Gumo and the Stone City.
February 718: The Tang Dynasty eventually reconquered Gumo and the Stone City.
2.10.9th war with Tibet
Was the ninth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 721: In 720, the Tibetan Empire seized the Stone City.
2.11.10th war with Tibet
Was the tenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 727: In 726, Stag sgra khon lod, a prominent military leader of the Tibetan Empire, launched an attack on Ganzhou, a strategic territory at the time. This event marked a significant military campaign in the region during that period.
February 727: In 726, Stag sgra khon lod, also known as Trisong Detsen, the Tibetan Emperor, attacked Ganzhou. The territory was eventually conquered by the Tang Dynasty in 727.
January 728: In 727, Tibetan generals Stag sgra khon lod and Cog ro Manporje, along with the Turgesh tribe, launched an attack on the territories of Qiuci and Guazhou
February 728: Tibetan forces leave Qiuci and Ganzhou.
January 729: In 728, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, launched another attack on Qiuci, a kingdom located in present-day Xinjiang, China. Qiuci was a strategic region along the Silk Road, making it a valuable target for the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts.
February 729: In 728, the Tang Dynasty, led by Emperor Xuanzong, launched another attack on Qiuci, a kingdom located in the Western Regions of China. Qiuci was eventually conquered by the Tang Dynasty in 729, further expanding their territory in the region.
2.12.11th war with Tibet
Was the eleventh war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 739: In 739, the Tibetan Empire took control of Mao County from the Tang Dynasty. The Tang had briefly captured Anrong in 738, but it was quickly recaptured by the Tibetans. This marked a period of conflict between the two powers in the region.
January 741: In 740, the Tang captured Anrong again.
February 742: In 741, the Tibetans invaded the Qinghai region but were repelled. They sacked the Stone City on their way home.
January 743: In 742, Tang Dynasty generals Huangfu Weiming of Longyou and Wang Chui of Hexi invaded northeastern Tibet. This marked the expansion of Tang Dynasty's influence into the region, leading to the incorporation of northeastern Tibet into the empire.
February 743: In 742, Huangfu Weiming, a military general from Longyou, and Wang Chui, a commander from Hexi, launched an invasion of northeastern Tibet. This event took place during the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts in the region in 743.
2.13.12th war with Tibet
Was the twelfth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 750: In 749, Longyou defense command under Geshu Han retook the Stone City but suffered heavy casualties.
2.14.14th war with Tibet
Was the fourteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 758: In 757, the Tibetan Empire conquered Shanzhou (Haidong).
2.15.15th war with Tibet
Was the fifteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 765: In 764, the Tibetan Empire, led by their ruler Trisong Detsen, invaded Liangzhou with a 70,000 strong army. However, they were ultimately repulsed by the Chinese general Yan Wu in Jiannan. This event marked a significant conflict between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang Dynasty.
February 765: In 765, Liangzhou was regained by the Tang Dynasty after being invaded by the Tibetan Empire in 764. Yan Wu, a military leader from Jiannan, successfully repulsed the Tibetan forces with his army.
January 766: In 765, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, invaded Fengtian with 30,000 troops and Uyghur allies. However, they were twice repulsed by the Tang dynasty general Guo Ziyi, who successfully defended the territory.
February 766: In 766, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Fengtian after Guo Ziyi successfully repulsed the Tibetan Empire's invasion with Uyghur allies. Guo Ziyi was a prominent general and statesman during the Tang Dynasty.
January 767: In 766, the Tibetans conquered Ganzhou and Suzhou.
November 768: In November 763, a Tibetan army 100,000 strong advanced against the Tang capital of Chang'an that was captured by the Tibetans on 18 November.
January 769: The Tibetans invaded the Protectorate General to Pacify the West and conquered Yanqi.
2.16.16th war with Tibet
Was the sixteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 777: In 776, the Tibetan Empire conquered Guazhou.
2.17.18th war with Tibet
Was the eigthteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 787: In 786, the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanzhou and Xiazhou.
February 787: They destroyed Yanzhou and Xiazhou before retreating.
January 788: In 787 the Tibetan Empire conquered Qiuci.
January 788: In 787, the Tibetans captured Shazhou and Qiuci.
January 791: Tang protectorate over Beiting ended in 790 when it was conquered by the Tibetan Empire.
January 791: The majority of sources agree that the last vestiges of the Anxi protectorate and its garrisons were defeated by Tibetan forces by the year 790, ending nearly 150 years of Tang influence in Central Asia.
January 793: In 792 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yutian.
January 793: In 792, the Tibetans conquered Xizhou and Yutian.
2.18.19th war with Tibet
Was the nineteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 797: In 796, the Tibetans attacked Qingzhou.
February 797: In 796, the Tibetans attacked Qingzhou.
2.19.21st war with Tibet
Was the twenty-first war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 804: In 803, the Tang pushed the Tibetan Empire back to Pingliang.
2.20.22nd war with Tibet
Was the twenty-second war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 820: In 819, the Tibetan Empire, ruled by King Ralpacan, attacked Qingzhou, a region under the control of the Tang Dynasty in China.
February 820: Tibetan forces leave Qingzhou.
2.21.23rd war with Tibet
Was the twenty-third war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 822: Tibetan forces started an invasion of Yanzhou.
February 822: In 821, a Tibetan invasion was driven off by the Tang governor of Yanzhou.
In the VIII century Muktapida, an Indian king of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir, created a short-lived empire covering most of India.
January 741: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
January 761: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
Was an era of disunity in Tibetan history lasting from the death of the Tibetan Empire's last emperor, Langdarma, in 842 until Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became the Imperial Preceptor of the three provinces of Tibet in 1253, under the Yuan dynasty.
January 843: When king Langdarma died, the Tibetan Empire entered thr Era of Fragmentation. Tibet is split between Langdarma's sons Ösung, in the west, and Yumtän, in the east.
Was a war fought between the Central Tibetan Ganden Phodrang government, with the assistance of Mongol khanates, and the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh with assistance from the Mughal Empire in Kashmir.
January 1681: The Namgyal Dynasty defeated the Ladakhis at Byan-la and occupied the country with the exception of the fortresses of Basgo, and Tinggmosgang,.
January 1685: The Tibetans retreated back to Lhasa on December 1684.
Was fought on January 28, 1701 between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
January 1701: The Battle of Dartsedo was fought between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
7.1.Dzungar-Qing Wars
Were a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China. The Dzungur Khanate was finally defeated and annexed by China.
7.1.1.Second Dzungar-Qing War
Was the second of a series of wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1718: The Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan invaded Tibet in 1717.
January 1721: Qing conquest of Tibet.
January 1721: An expedition led by General Yue Zhongqi, together with Tibetan forces under Polhanas of Tsang and Kangchennas (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 as patrons of the Khoshut and liberators of Tibet from the Dzungars.
7.1.2.Third Dzungar-Qing War
Was the third of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1724: Dzungar uprising in Qinghai on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region and led to the annexation of Qinghai into Tibet.
7.2.Sino-Burmese War
Was a war between Qing China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. The war consisted of a series of unsuccesful Chinese invasions of Burma.
7.2.1.Second invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the third of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1792: Nepali Mulkaji (prime minister) Damodar Pande attacked the Tibetan moneastery of Digarcha and captured it.
February 1792: The army of Nepal leaves the monastery of Digarcha.
September 1792: In 1792, Nepalese troops under the command of King Rana Bahadur Shah launched a counterattack against the Qing forces led by General Chhewang Rinchhen, who were encamped at Jitpurfedi. This marked a significant event in the Nepal-Tibet conflict during the Qing Dynasty's military occupation of Tibet.
January 1793: The Qing forces marched along the banks of the Trishuli River until they reached Betrawati (city of Nukawot).
7.3.Sino-Nepalese War
Was an invasion of Tibet by Nepal from 1788 to 1792.
7.3.1.Nepalese invasion of Tibet
The Nepalese Gorkha troops invaded Tibet in 1789.
January 1789: In 1788, Gorkha troops led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal invaded Tibet, reaching Tashilhunpo, a major monastery in Shigatse. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Nepalese influence in the region.
January 1789: The battle at Shikarjong in 1788 was fought between the Tibetan forces led by the Dalai Lama's regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, and the Nepalese forces. The Tibetans were badly defeated, leading to the territory of Shikarjong, Gyirong, and Nyalam Town being occupied by Nepal.
7.3.1.1.Treaty of Kerung
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-Nepalese War.
January 1790: The representatives of Tibet and Nepal met at Khiru in 1789 to have peace talks. In the talks Tibet was held responsible for the quarrel and were required to give compensation to Nepal for the losses incurred in the war. Tibet had also to pay tribute to Nepal a sum of Rs. 50,001 every year in return for giving back to Tibet all the territories acquired during the war. It was called the Treaty of Kerung. The Nepalese representatives were given Rs. 50,001 as the first installment. So giving back the territories Kerung, Kuti, Longa, Jhunga and Falak, they went back to Nepal.
Expansion during the rule of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Gorkha Kingdom.
January 1747: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1746.
January 1748: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1747.
January 1749: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1748.
January 1750: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1749.
January 1751: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1750.
January 1752: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1751.
January 1753: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1752.
January 1754: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1753.
January 1755: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1754.
January 1756: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1755.
Was a revolt in Xinjiang by the followers of Āfāq Khoja, known as the Āfāqī Khojas, against Qing China.
January 1760: The Qing occupied the Altishahr region of Eastern Turkestan which had been settled by the followers of the Muslim political and religious leader Afaq Khoja.
Expansion during the rule of Rana Bahadur Shah in the Kingdom of Nepal.
January 1783: Based on the border of Nepal in 1782.
January 1787: Based on the border of Nepal in 1782.
January 1796: Tibet tributary state of China.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
11.1.Afghan-Sikh Wars
Were a series of military conflicts between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire that took place mainly in the Punjab region.
January 1779: The city of Multan reverted to Afghan rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778.
Was a war between Tibet, a vassal of the Qing Dynasty, and the Sikh Empire.
12.1.Invasion of Tibet (1841)
Was the Sikh invasion of Tibet that started the Dogra-Tibetan War.
June 1841: One Sikh division invaded Tibet via the Rupshu valley and Hanle.
October 1841: Tibetan general Zorawar Singh, a prominent military leader in the Sikh Empire, was unable to hold Taklakot and retreated to the Mayum La, the border of West Tibet.
January 1842: Rudok conquered by sikh empire.
January 1842: In 1841, British explorer Alexander Burnes led one division along the Indus valley towards Tashigang. The territory was under the military occupation of the Sikh Empire at that time.
12.2.Tibetan Counterattack
Was the Tibetan counterattack against the Sikh invasion of the Dogra-Tibetan War.
November 1841: After severe fighting, Taklakot was retaken by the Tibetans.
December 1841: The Tibetans defeated the Sikh and pursued them up to Dumra (Nubra Valley, possibly Diskit), a day's journey from Leh, where they encamped.
February 1842: Tibetan invasion of Ladakh.
September 1842: Qing China and the Sikh Empire signed a treaty in September 1842 that stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.
Was a war between the forces of the Tibetan government (then under administrative rule of the Qing dynasty) and the invading Nepalese army.
April 1855: In 1855, General Dhir Shamsher of Nepal defeated a small Tibetan detachment at Chusan, captured Kuti, and advanced to Suna Gompa during a military occupation of the territory.
May 1855: Kerong, a strategic town in Tibet, was occupied by Nepalese military leader Bam Bahadur in 1855 without facing any resistance. This move was part of Nepal's expansionist policies under the leadership of Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Rana.
November 1855: In 1855, the Tibetan army, under the Qing dynasty, attacked Nepalese camps at Kuti and Dzongka. The Nepalese suffered heavy losses, with 700 men killed in Kuti. The survivors retreated to the border in November 5.
January 1856: Jang Bahadur sent reinforcements and in December Dhir Shamsher recaptured Kuti.
March 1856: In 1856, a Treaty was signed at Thapathali between Tibet (under Qing rule) and Nepal. The Tibetans agreed to pay an annual subsidy of ten thousand rupees to the Nepal Durbar and allowed a Nepalese trading station and agency to be established at Lhasa.
Was a military campaign of the Qing dynasty to establish direct rule in Tibet in early 1910.
February 1910: Chinese military expedition occupies Lhasa on February 12.
February 1910: The 13th Dalai Lama was officially deposed on February, 25th 1910. Tibet, that had been a Chinese protectorate since the XVIII Century, was annexed directly to Qing China.
Was a period in the history of the Republic of China when control of the country was divided among former military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions.
January 1918: De facto evolution of the boundary of Tibet up to 1932.
Was a war between Tibet and China over disputed border regions that begun when the Tibetan forces invaded the area.
August 1930: The Dhargyä monks requested the aid of the Tibetan government, whose forces entered Beri and drove Liu Wenhui's army (China) out.
March 1932: The Chinese forces retreated to the capital of Yushu county, Jiegue, under Ma Biao to defend it against the Tibetans.
August 1932: The land occupied in Yushu by the Tibetans was retaken.
January 1934: The army of Ma Bufang vanquished the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in Xikang province, including Shiqu, Dengke and other counties.
January 1934: All Tibetan (Kham) territories east of the Yangtse fell into Chinese hands, with the Upper Yangtse River becoming the border between Chinese and Tibetan controlled areas.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
17.1.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
17.1.1.Second Sino-Japanese War
Was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.
January 1941: During the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanaese War, the territory controlled by Tibet increased.
17.2.British expedition to Tibet
Was a British military invasion of Tibet, at the time part of Qing China.
March 1904: Start of the British expedition to Tibet. The British army that departed Gnathong in Sikkim on 11 December 1903 and reached the pass of Guru, near Lake Bhan Tso, on 31 March.
May 1904: The battle at Karo La, which occurred on May 5-6 between British and Tibetan forces, is possibly the highest altitude action in history.
June 1904: On 28 June British Colonial forces cleared the Tsechen monastery.
July 1904: British storming of Gyantse Dzong.
July 1904: British troops reached the walls of another fortress, Peté Jong.
July 1904: On 25 July, British Colonial forces began to cross the Tsangpo river.
August 1904: The British force arrived in Lhasa to discover that the thirteenth Dalai Lama had fled to Urga.
January 1909: After Chinese and Tibetan Authorities had finished to pay indemnities to the British, the Chumbi Valley was given back to Tibet.
17.2.1.Treaty of Lhasa
Was the treaty that ended the British invasion of Tibiet.
September 1904: The Treaty of Lhasa ended the British expedition to Tibet, ceding the Chumbi Valley to Great Britain. Following the treaty, British forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Tibet.
Was a military campaign by the People's Republic of China that resulted in the annexion of Tibet.
April 1950: In March, the People's Liberation Army arrived in Kangding.
July 1950: The Chinese Qinghai Cavalry Detachment entered Gyêgu.
July 1950: The 18th Army of the People's Republic of China assembled at Garzê.
July 1950: Chinese forces entered Litang from the east.
October 1950: The PLA crossed the Jinsha River on 6 or 7 October 1950 into Lhasa-controlled Chamdo.
October 1950: The People's Republic of China captured the border town of Chamdo by 19 October.
May 1951: Tibetan representatives in Beijing and the PRC Government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement on 23 May 1951, authorizing the PLA presence and Central People's Government rule in Political Tibet.
January 651: After the death of Songtsen Gampo in 650 AD, the Chinese Tang dynasty attacked and took control of the Tibetan capital Lhasa.
January 652: Soldiers of the Tang dynasty could not sustain their presence in the hostile environment of the Tibetan Plateau and soon returned to China proper.
January 693: China under Wu Zetian reconquers the Kingdom from Tibet.
January 693: Shule Kingdom reconquered by Tang.
January 693: China regained control over the Four Garrisons of Anxi.
January 703: Establishment of the Baoning Protectorate by the Wu Zhou Dynasty.
January 705: In 704, the Tibetan Empire, ruled by Songtsen Gampo, conquered the White Mywa tribes in Xinuluo, making them vassals or tributaries. This expansion of the Tibetan Empire helped strengthen their control over the region.
January 711: In 710 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü, which included Gilgit (today in Pakistan).
January 723: In 722 Tang restored the king of Lesser Bolü to his throne.
January 738: In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za (Gilgit), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet.
January 738: In 737 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü.
January 739: In the year 737 AD, with the support of the Tang dynasty, the great grandson of Xinuluo, Piluoge, united the six zhaos in succession, establishing a new kingdom called Nanzhao.
January 746: In 745, Gao Xianzhi marched across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquered Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire.
January 750: In 749 Tang recovered the Stone City.
January 751: Expansion of the Kamarupa kingdom during the 7th and 8th century.
January 764: In 763 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanqi.
January 764: Tibetans pressed into the territory of the Tang emperors, reaching the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in late 763.
February 764: In 763 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanqi.
January 766: The Suket Kingdom was founded about 765 by Bira Sen (Vir Sen).
January 801: Pala emperor Dharmapala defeated Indrayudha of Kannauj, and installed his own nominee Chakrayudha on the throne of Kannauj. Several other smaller states in North India also acknowledged his suzerainty.
January 801: Small independent monarchies began to develop in modern-day Bhutan by the early 9th century.
January 824: Garhwal Kingdom was an independent kingdom in the current north-western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India, founded in 823 AD by Kanakpal, the progenitor of the Panwar dynasty that ruled over the kingdom.
January 841: The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries, around the start of the Mongol Empire. It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people.
January 1355: The Phagmodrupas were a dynastic regime that held sway over Tibet or parts thereof from 1354 to the early 17th century. It was established by Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen of the Lang (Wylie: rlangs) family at the end of the Yuan dynasty.
January 1369: The Dughlat Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat rebelled and killed Ilyas Khoja of Moghulistan in 1368, taking the throne for himself. Ilyas Khoja's brother Khizr Khoja fled to Turpan where he set up his own independent realm.
January 1371: Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after the death of Northern Yuan ruler Toghon Temür (r. 1333-1370).
January 1390: The territory founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in 1389 was Kara Del. It was ruled by the Chagatayids, a branch of the Mongol Empire, after its establishment.
January 1403: Establishment of the Jaunpur Sultanate. To the east, the kingdom extended to Bihar, and to the west, to Kanauj.
January 1436: Its power receded after 1435 and was reduced to Ü (East Central Tibet) in the 16th century.
January 1501: Vijapur, an independent state during the later middle ages, was ruled by the Adil Shah dynasty. In 1500, the territory came under the control of Yusuf Adil Shah, who expanded the kingdom and established Vijayapur as a prominent center of art, culture, and trade in South India.
January 1564: Mong Mao conquered by Burma.
January 1566: Karma Tseten founded the new Tsangpa Dynasty which would acquire large parts of Central Tibet.
January 1614: The Phagmodrupa dynasty was defeated and absorbed by the rival Tsangpa dynasty in 1613.
January 1621: The West Tibetan kingdom of Mangyül Gungthang was conquered by Tsangpa.
January 1627: Ngawang Namgyalm the founder of the Bhutanese state, consolidates control over western Bhutan.
January 1630: Tibetan armies invaded Bhutan around 1629.
February 1630: Tibetan armies invaded Bhutan around 1629.
January 1632: In 1631, Bhutan was occupied by Tibet under the military leadership of the Tibetan ruler, Ngawang Namgyal.
February 1632: In 1631, Bhutan was occupied by Tibet under the rule of the Tibetan ruler, Ngawang Namgyal. However, in 1632, the territory was liberated and returned to the Kingdom of Bhutan under the leadership of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
January 1635: In 1634, Ngawang Namgyal, the founder of Bhutan, defeated Karma Tenkyong's army in the Battle of Five Lamas. This victory solidified Ngawang Namgyal's power and influence in the region, leading to the territory of Bhutan coming under Tibetan military occupation.
February 1635: In 1634 Ngawang Namgyal defeated Karma Tenkyong's army in the Battle of Five Lamas.
January 1640: bhutan conquered by tibet.
February 1640: Bhutan is freed from Tibetan control.
January 1641: By 1640 Bhutan reached its current borders.
January 1643: In 1642, parts of western Tibet came under the control of the Khoshut Khanate.
January 1643: Güshi Khan's reputation as an invincible commander rendered resistance weak. The Tsangpa stronghold, Shigatse, was captured after a long and bloody siege in March 1642.
January 1643: The Khoshut Khanate was an Oirat khanate based in the Tibetan Plateau from 1642 to 1717.
January 1643: The Kingdom of Sikkim (Classical Tibetan and Sikkimese: འབྲས་ལྗོངས། Drenjong), earlier known as Dremoshong (Classical Tibetan and Sikkimese: འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས།, official name until 1800s), was a hereditary monarchy from 1642 to 16 May 1975 in the Eastern Himalayas. It was ruled by Chogyals of the Namgyal dynasty.
January 1644: In 1643, a joint Mongol-Tibetan force led by Gushri Khan sought to destroy Nyingmapa refugees who had fled to Bhutan and thus invaded the region.
February 1644: The Mongol-Tibetan forces leave Bhutan.
January 1645: Dartsedo was conquered by the Tibetans during the transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
January 1648: Tibetan invasion of Bhutan.
February 1648: The Tibetan invasion in 1647, led by the 5th Dalai Lama and his Mongol allies, failed to conquer Bhutan.
January 1691: In the 1680s, Bhutan invaded Sikkim in pursuit of a rebellious local lord named Gyurme Namgyal. The conflict resulted in the Kingdom of Sikkim losing territory to the Khoshut Khanate in 1690.
February 1691: In the 1680s, Bhutan invaded Sikkim in pursuit of a rebellious local lord.
January 1701: In 1700, Bhutan invaded Sikkim.
February 1701: End of the Bhutanese invasion of Sikkim.
January 1715: In 1714, Tibetan forces, led by Lhazang Khan of the Khoshut Khanate, with support from Mongolia, invaded Bhutan. Despite their efforts, they were unable to gain control of the territory.
February 1715: In 1714, Tibetan forces, led by the 5th Dalai Lama, invaded Bhutan with the support of Mongolia. However, they were ultimately unsuccessful in gaining control of the territory, as the Bhutanese forces, under the leadership of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, successfully defended their kingdom.
January 1731: Establishment of Chaudandi.
January 1761: Expansion of the Ahom Kingdom by 1769.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1843: Tibet-Ladakh border is fixed at the Lhari stream near Demchok.
January 1843: The Sikhs reached an agreement with the Tibetans in 1842 under which the Sikh Confederation took possession of the territory south of the Karakoram pass and Pangong lake. The British also recognized this border, which took the name of the Johnson Line.
January 1843: The kingdom of Maryul lasted until 1842. In that year, the Dogra general Zorawar Singh conquered it.
August 1912: After the fall of the Qing dynasty in October 1911, all remaining Chinese forces left Tibet during the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil. Between the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and the annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951, Tibet was a de facto independent state.
Disestablishment
May 1951: Tibetan representatives in Beijing and the PRC Government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement on 23 May 1951, authorizing the PLA presence and Central People's Government rule in Political Tibet.
Selected Sources
Rennell, J. (1782): Map of Hindustan, London (UK)
Schwartzberg, J. E. (1992); A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Chicago (USA), p. 146
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