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The cluster includes all the forms of Croatia since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Duchy of Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Croatia (Byzantine)
Independent State of Croatia (Germany and Italy)
Independent State of Croatia (Germany)
Republic of Croatia
Establishment
January 880: In 879 the Duchy of Croatia under Branimir, now free of Frankish suzerainty, received papal recognition as a state.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
August 955: The Hungarians invaded the Duchy of Bavaria in late June or early July 955.
1.1.Battle of Lechfeld
The Battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10-12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army. With the German victory, further invasions by the Magyars into Latin Europe were ended.
September 955: The German forces of King Otto I the Great annihilated a Hungarian army (Second Battle of Lechfeld) led by harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr. With this German victory, further invasions by the Magyars into Latin Europe were ended.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
2.1.Incoronation of Otto I
East Frankish King Otto I was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of the Bulgaria in 962.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of Croatia in 962.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of Hungary in 962.
February 962: The Principality of Hungary or Duchy of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség: "Hungarian Grand Principality") was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established 895 or 896, following the 9th century Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
February 962: The Duchy of Bavaria was one of the Stem Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the year 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in the area.
January 1001: In the year 1000 AD an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in the area.
Were a series conflicts and naval campaigns waged for control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea between the Republic of Venice and the Principality of Croatia (later the Kingdom of Croatia, as well as the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary).
4.1.Sixth Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the kingdom of Croatia for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1001: The Venetian fleet led by Pietro Orseolo II managed to conquer the coastal cities from Arbe in the north to Ragusa in the south, together with the islands of Lissa, Lagosta and Curzola.
4.2.Seventh Croatian-Venetian War
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia for the control of the northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.
January 1051: In the second half of the 11th century, Zadar expelled the Venetian count Orso Giustinian and surrendered to Pietro Cresimiro, king of Croatia.
January 1052: Doge Domenico I Contarini reconquered the city of Zara.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
5.1.World War II (Eastern Theatre)
Was the Eastern European theatre of World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the eastern front of World War II in that date.
5.2.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
November 1942: The Bihać Republic was established by the Partisan resistance movement following the liberation of Bihać.
November 1942: Slunj conquered by Bihać Republic.
November 1942: Jajce conquered by Bihać Republic.
December 1942: Some towns in Croatia were retaken by Axis forces in local attacks: Jajce was reoccupied.
December 1942: Livno conquered by Bihać Republic.
December 1942: Tomislavgrad conquered by Bihać Republic.
January 1943: Teslic conquered by Bihać Republic.
January 1943: Udbina and Bosansko Grahovo were evacuated by ustaša and Italian units under partisan pressure.
January 1943: Teslic conquered by italy;germany.
January 1943: Germans retook Bihać on 29 January.
February 1943: Drvar conquered by Axis forces.
March 1943: Bihać Republic conquered by italy;germany.
5.2.1.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
5.2.1.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: The Independent State of Croatia (a German puppet state) was established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
5.2.2.World War II (Balkan Theatre) - Croatia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Croatian territories of Italy were occupied by German forces.
September 1943: Until the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Independent State of Croatia was a territorial condominium of Germany and Italy.
September 1943: After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's armistice with the Allies, the Independent State of Croatia on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy.
5.2.3.Establishment of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ). .
November 1943: The Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was a provisional state established during World War II on 29 November 1943 through the Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ).
October 1944: Partisan-controlled territories in Yugoslavia by september 1944.
October 1944: Belgrade falls under combined blows of Third Ukrainian Front and Marshal Tito’s Yugoslav Army.
January 1945: At the onset of winter, the Partisans effectively controlled the entire eastern half of Yugoslavia - Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro - as well as most of the Dalmatian coast.
April 1945: The Croatian army did not leave Sarajevo until 15 April.
5.2.3.1.Partisan offensive in Axis-occupied Yugoslavia
Were a series of partisan offensives against Axis-occupied Yugoslavia during World War II.
April 1945: On 5 April, Yugoslavian forces aptured Doboj.
April 1945: On 12 April, the Yugoslav 3rd Army, under the command of Kosta Nađ, forced a crossing of the Drava river. The 3rd Army then fanned out through Podravina, reached a point north of Zagreb, and crossed the old Austrian border with Yugoslavia in the Dravograd sector.
April 1945: By 20 April, Yugoslavian forces led by Drapšin liberated Lika and the Croatian Littoral, including the islands, and reached the old Yugoslav border with Italy.
May 1945: The German forces in Croatia were still able to reconquer Rijeka Trieste and the region of Istria in May 1945.
May 1945: Despite the German capitulation, sporadic fighting still took place in Yugoslavia. On 7 May, Zagreb was evacuated.
May 1945: Maribor and Ljubljana were captured by the Partisans.
May 1945: Battle of Poljana.
May 1945: Battle of Odžak.
Were a series of independence wars and insurgencies that resulted in the breakup of Yugoslavia.
September 1995: Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was a short-lived Serb parallel entity in the territory of Croatia.
6.1.Croatian War of Independence
Was a war between the government of Croatia (that had recently gained its independency from Yugoslavia) and several local Serb forces.
6.1.1.Indipendence and breakaway regions in Croatia
Several territories seceded from Croatia when the country became independent from Yugoslavia.
June 1991: Having proclaimed autonomy from the government of Croatia in 1990, it was de facto self-ruling when croatia declared indipendence.
June 1991: Independence of Croatia.
June 1991: Eastern Slavonia boke away from Croatia the same day of its indipendence.
August 1991: Formation of Western Slavonia.
6.1.2.Offensive by the SAO of Krajina
Was a military offensive by the Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina during the Croatian War of Independence. .
September 1991: Battle of Zadar.
September 1991: The SAO of Krajina captured Drniš on 18 September.
September 1991: In Banovina, the SAO of Krajina captured Petrinja.
September 1991: Battle of Gospić.
September 1991: The Knin Corps captured Lovinac.
September 1991: JNA artillery attacked the village of Vitaljina in the eastern part of Konavle.
September 1991: In Banovina, the JNA reached the Kupa River and captured its entire southern bank, except for ZNG bridgeheads in the areas of Nebojan, Sunja and Sisak, on 30 September.
October 1991: On 4 October, the JNA 2nd Corps captured Slano.
October 1991: The SAO of Krajina captured Jasenovac on 8 October.
October 1991: A day after Milošević declined the Croatian offer, the JNA 9th Boka Kotorska VPS force captured Cavtat.
November 1991: JNA captured Slunj on 17 November.
November 1991: Cetingrad conquered by SAO of Krajina.
6.1.3.Croatian Counteroffensive in Western Slavonia
Was a Croatian offensive against the breakaway Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Western Slavonia during the Croatian War of Independence.
October 1991: The Yugoslav People's Army were pushed away from Grubišno Polje.
November 1991: The mountains of Papuk and Bilogora, north of Pakrac where the Croatian Serb militia was not supported by the JNA, were brought under Croatian control in the same period.
November 1991: Croatian forces take Nova Gradiška.
December 1991: Lipik was recaptured by the Croatian forces, now renamed the Croatian Army (HV), in 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence. This marked a significant victory for Croatia in reclaiming territory from Serbian forces.
December 1991: Lipik was recaptured by the Croatian forces, now renamed the Croatian Army (HV), in 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence.
6.1.4.Croatian Final Offensives
Were the final Croatian military offensives against local Serbian forces during the Croatian War of Independence.
June 1992: Battle of the Miljevci Plateau.
February 1993: Operation Maslenica.
April 1995: Operation Leap 1.
May 1995: Operation Bljesak.
June 1995: Operation Leap 2.
July 1995: Operation Summer '95 was a military offensive conducted by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
August 1995: Operation Storm offensive launched by Croatian forces in August 1995.
6.1.5.Erdut Agreement
Was an agreement reached on 12 November 1995 between the authorities of the Republic of Croatia and the local Serb authorities of the Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia region on the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence in eastern Croatia.
January 1998: Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia reintagrated into Croatia.
6.2.Bosnian War
Was a civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, that had recently gained its independence from Yugoslavia. It involved several actors, but mainly pitted the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina against the de facto independent regions of Herzeg-Bosnia and Republika Srpska.
6.2.1.Operation Jackal
Was a military offensive by Bosnia-Herzegovina government forces against the Republika Srpska during the Croatian War of Independence.
June 1992: JNA activity ended.
January 926: Croatia was elevated to the status of a kingdom.
January 929: The first king of Croatia Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions and spread the influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of the Narentine State in 962.
January 1019: The Kingdom of Croatia briefly became a vassal of the Byzantine Empire.
January 1026: The Kingdom of Croatia was a Byzantine vassal until 1025.
January 1031: Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) was annexed by the Kingdom of Croatia.
January 1070: In 1069, King Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia obtained full control of the islands and cities of Dalmatia, taking it away from the Byzantines and Venetians, including Spàlato.
January 1075: The Croatians were forced to settle and give away Split, Trogir, Zadar, Biograd, and Nin to the Normans.
January 1092: In 1091 Ladislaus of Hungary crossed the Drava river and conquered the entire province of Slavonia without encountering opposition.
January 1103: The Croatian nobility recognised Coloman of Hungary as their king. Coloman was crowned in Biograd in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia".
Selected Sources
Ladislaus Hory, Martin Broszat: Der kroatische Ustascha-Staat 1941–1945. 2. Auflage. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1965, S. 53.
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Makkai, L. (1990): The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the west to 955, in: A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA) p. 8-14
Notiziario Storico dell'arma die carabienieri - N.3 Anno VI. p. 23
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Russian Balkan And Baltic Campaigns, 19 August-31 December 1944. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope31.jpg
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Tomasevich, J. (1975): War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, Stanford University Press, pp. 89-92
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.307
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