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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Italian Somaliland
Compagnia Italiana per la Somalia V. Filonardi e C.
Compagnia del Benadir
British Military Administration in Somaliland
Trust Territory of Somaliland
Somali Republic
Somali Democratic Republic
Republic of Somalia
SSDF
SDM
SPM
SNF
Establishment
February 1889: It was incorporated into Italian Somaliland. In November of the same year, Italy proclaimed a protectorate over the stretches of coast between Uarsceik, Mogadishu, Merca and Brava.
May 1889: Between February and April 1889, the two sultans (Yusuf Ali Kenadid of Obbia and Osman Mahamuud of Migiurtinia) signed protectorate treaties with Italy, while a naval expedition of the Regia Marina proceeded to occupy the remaining coastal territories of Benadir .
August 1889: Thanks to the good offices of the government in London, on 3 August 1889 the Italians obtained the lease from the sultan of Zanzibar (soon transformed into a British protectorate) the four most important ports of the Somali region of Benadir, i.e. Brava, Merca, Uarsceik and Mogadishu, thus establishing a first presence in the area.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
1.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
1.1.1.Somaliland campaign
Was a long guerrilla conflict which took place between 1900 and 1920 in the territories corresponding to present-day Somalia and in the border areas between Somalia and present-day Ethiopia. The Somali Islamist leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan succeeded in uniting various clans and tribes in his country in a unitary movement of opposition to Italian and British colonial rule.
September 1902: In the summer of 1902, Dervish forces conquered the important city of Gallacaio.
May 1903: Italian forces moved into Gallacaio, however the Dervish forces managed to escape without losses in the direction of Gumburu and Ual Ual, in the Ogaden region.
July 1903: The Dervishes bypassed the British line of resistance, and settled in the upper Nogal valley, conquering a region between British Somaliland and the Italian protectorate of Migiurtinia and equipped with an outlet to the sea at the small port of Illig.
October 1908: The Dervishes resumed the conflict. A column invaded the Sultanate of Obbia and attacked the Mudugh region.
February 1913: After various raids, in June 1912 the Dervish Mullah moved further south and created an independent Somali national state. The core of his territory was protected by a chain of forts to the west, and went from Mount Shimbiris on the coast to the village of Gid Ali in the interior.
July 1913: In June 1913 a new Italian expedition led to the definitive defeat of the Dervish Bagheri forces and to the occupation in southern Somalia of several inland towns such as Bur Acaba, Baidoa and Bulo Burti, while further north troops of the Sultanate of Obbia reconquered Mudugh from the rebels.
December 1920: On December 21, 1920 (the precise date is not clear) Abdullah Hassan, who was the leader of the Dervish movement, died after six days of illness (also unspecified, malaria or pneumonia). The Mullah's death effectively ended the Dervish Revolt.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
January 1905: Expansion of the Ethiopian Empire in 1904.
Was a revolt in the Sultanate of Hobyo against the Italian authorities.
November 1925: Omar Samatar attacked and captured El Buur.
November 1925: Omar followed up his previous success with the capture of El-Dhere.
December 1925: The Italians retook El-Buur on December 26, 1925.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
4.1.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
4.1.1.British invasion of Italian East Africa
Was the British invasion and occupation of Italian East Africa during World War II.
February 1941: British forces occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory.
February 1941: On 25 February 1941, the motorised 23rd Nigerian Brigade (11th African Division) advanced 378 km up the coast in three days and occupied the Somali capital of Mogadishu unopposed.
March 1941: By early March Cunningham's forces had captured most of Italian Somaliland.
Was a military conflict fought between Somalia and Ethiopia from July 1977 to March 1978 over the Ethiopian region of Ogaden.
5.1.Somali Invasion of Ogaden
Somalian invasion of Ethiopian Ogaden during the Ethio-Somali War.
July 1977: By the end of the month 60% of the Ogaden had been taken by the SNA-WSLF force, including Gode, on the Shabelle River.
August 1977: By 17 August elements of the Somali Army had reached the outskirts of the strategic city of Dire Dawa.
October 1977: Battle of Jijiga.
October 1977: By September Ethiopia was forced to admit that it controlled only about 10% of the Ogaden and that the Ethiopian defenders had been pushed back into the non-Somali areas of Harerge, Bale, and Sidamo.
November 1977: Battle of Harar.
5.2.Ethiopian-Cuban counter-attack
Was an Ethiopian military counterattack, with Cuban support, against the Somali forces occupying territories in Ogaden.
March 1978: The Ethiopian army re-captures of Jijiga after only two days of Somali occupation.
March 1978: The last significant Somali unit leaves Ethiopia, marking the end of the Ogaden War.
Was a war between Ethiopia and Somalia over the disputed Ogaden region.
September 1982: In the middle of July the SSDF and Ethiopia, armed with soviet military weapons and machines, crossed over the disputed Ogaden region into the Mudug region of Somalia.
Is an ongoing civil war in Somalia. It started in 1991 and includes several related phases. .
December 2022: Somali forces and allied militias seized Adan Yabal from Al-Shabaab.
January 2024: In the last quarter of 2023, the Somali National Army captured new localities in south Mudug.
February 2024: By the end of February 2024, Al-Shabaab reoccupied south Mudug.
7.1.Las Anod conflict
Is a conflict between Somaliland and the breakaway state of Khaatumo SSC.
October 2023: On 19 October, Somalia officially recognized SSC-Khaatumo as a federal member state.
7.2.Lords of War Phase
Was a phase of the Somali Civil War where the country was divided by among de facto lords of war.
May 1991: After Barre's dismissal, the clashes between the rebels and the counter-revolutionaries, who were trying to re-establish Barre in power again, continued, leading to an increasingly violent and chaotic situation approaching a state of anarchy, especially in the south, to escape from which the north-western region of the country, Somaliland, declared itself independent.
January 1993: Within the Congress of United Somalia, the leadership of Ali Mahdi Mohamed and control of the capital Mogadishu was disputed by the rival faction led by gen. Mohammed Farah Aidid, opening a new phase of internal clashes on the rebel front. The effective control of the Congress was limited to the capital Mogadishu and the surrounding region of Benadir, while the rest of Somalia was controlled by various armed groups.
January 1993: In 1992, the territory of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia. The rest of Somalia was controlled by various armed groups, including warlords like Mohamed Farrah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Muhammad. The international community recognized Somaliland as an autonomous region, but not as a separate country.
January 1993: In 1992, the territory of Somalia was divided among different factions, with the SNF controlling a portion of the country. The armed groups included warlords such as Mohamed Farrah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Muhammad, who were vying for power in the midst of a civil war. The situation was chaotic and unstable, leading to widespread violence and humanitarian crises.
January 1993: In 1992, the territory of Somaliland declared independence from Somalia. The rest of Somalia was controlled by various armed groups, including warlords like Mohamed Farrah Aidid and Ali Mahdi Muhammad. Somaliland has since been functioning as a self-declared independent state, although it is not internationally recognized.
January 1993: In 1992, the territory of Somalia was divided among different factions, with the region of Puntland declaring autonomy under the leadership of Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. The rest of Somalia was controlled by various armed groups, leading to a prolonged period of civil war and instability in the country.
September 2000: In August 2000 a new peace conference was held in Djibouti among more than 2000 Somali clan leaders, at the end of which, on August 13, a Parliament of 225 deputies and a national transitional government were established.
7.3.Islamic Insurgency Phase
Was a phase of the Somali Civil War that saw the Somali Government fighting against the Islamic Courts Union and Al-Shabab, both Islamist groups.
December 2006: Somali Political Situation as of December 25th 2006.
January 2009: In December 2008, Ethiopian soldiers withdrew from Somalia.
August 2014: Somali government and African Union Mission in Somalia forces retake the village of Buulo Mareer.
October 2014: The shebabs abandon their base in Brava.
July 2015: Government forces take without fighting the town of Bardera.
July 2015: Dinsor in turn falls to Somali and Ethiopian forces.
September 2015: Kuntuwarey conquered by Republic of Somalia.
February 2016: The port of Merka is taken without resistance by the Shebabs.
October 2016: Islamic State-aligned jihadists take the port city of Qandala.
November 2016: Halgan falls without resistance into the hands of the shebabs.
December 2016: Qandala conquered by Republic of Somalia.
7.3.1.Advance of the Islamic Courts Union
Were a series of operations by the Islamic Courts Union that expanded its territories, during the Somali Civil War.
August 2006: Advances of the Islamic Courts Union in by July 2006.
September 2006: Advances of the Islamic Courts Union in by August 2006.
November 2006: Advances of the Islamic Courts Union in by October 2006.
December 2006: Advances of the Islamic Courts Union in by November 2006.
7.3.2.Advance of Al-Shabaab
Were a series of operations by Al-Shabaab, a Salafi-jihadist military and political organisation, that expanded its territories, during the Somali Civil War.
December 2008: After the Ethiopian withdrawal from Somalia, the southern half of the country quickly fell into the hands of radical Islamist rebels. Sharia law is therefore enforced in areas under the control of Al-Shabaab militiamen.
February 2011: By January 2011 Al-Shabaab contolled central Somalia.
October 2015: Somali Political Situation as of December 25th 2006.
7.4.2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
In July 2022, the Islamist militant group al-Shabaab launched an invasion from Somalia into Ethiopia's Somali Region.
January 1890: The new Somali possessions were entrusted to the management of private companies, first the Italian Company for Somalia V. Filonardi and C. of the consul in Zanzibar Vincenzo Filonardi.
January 1890: Compagnia Italiana per la Somalia V. Filonardi e C. acquired territories in Somaliland.
November 1894: Geledi became a Protectorate on 3 November 1894.
January 1897: And then, after the bankruptcy of this in 1896, the Compagnia del Benadir promoted by the explorer Antonio Cecchi and made up of a consortium of Milanese entrepreneurs.
January 1901: Jubaland annexed to East Africa Protectorate.
March 1905: The "Mad Mullah" Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, declaring himself Mahdi in 1905 in the Nugaal region of Somalia, he claimed to be a messianic figure and leader of the Muslim community.
January 1906: The management of the Benadir Company, lacking the resources to start a development of the region and mainly concerned with making economic profits, proved disastrous, so that in January 1905 the Italian government directly assumed the administration of the Somali territories, founding the colony of Italian Somaliland.
January 1912: The rule of the Mahdi of Nugal is terminated by Italy.
January 1927: The Italian Trans-Juba was absorbed into Italian Somaliland.
June 1936: In 1936, Italian Somaliland was integrated into Italian East Africa as the Somalia Governorate.
April 1950: In November 1949, the United Nations finally opted to grant Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland, but only under close supervision.
July 1960: The territory of Somaliland prepared for union as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration.
July 1960: Born of the Somali Republic.
October 1969: The administration lasted until 1969, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in a bloodless putsch and renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic.
January 1989: Ethiopia occupies the border towns of Galdogob and Balumbale until 1988.
January 1991: The Interim Government of Somalia, led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, was established immediately after the collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic.
Selected Sources
Advance of the UIC 2006. Wikipedia. 4 September 2007. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2006_ICU.png
Betts, A. (2013): Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement, Cornell University Press, p. 139
Somali land 2006 12 25. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somali_land_2006_12_25.png
somalia
