This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of Italy and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was a predecessor of modern Italy. The Kingdom formed during the XIX century when the Kingdom of Sardinia was able to merge the small polities of the Peninsula into a unified Kingdom, during the Italian Wars of Independence. Italy remained a Kingdom until after World War II, when a popular referundum turned Italy into a Republic.
Summary
The Unification of Italy
After the defeat of Napoleon, Italy remained divided among various ruling dynasties and foreign powers. However, a growing nationalist movement sought to unify the Italian states into a single nation. Key figures in the "Risorgimento" (or Italian unification) included Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo di Cavour.
In 1861, the Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II annexed the various Italian states, declaring the foundation of the Kingdom of Italy. Cavour, the prime minister of Sardinia, played a key role in orchestrating this unification process, allying with France against Austria to gain control over northern Italy. The new kingdom faced significant challenges, including the need to integrate diverse regional identities and interests, as well as ongoing conflict with the Papacy over the status of Rome.
The Rise of the House of Savoy
The House of Savoy, rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, became the ruling dynasty of the united Kingdom of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the first king of Italy in 1861. His son Umberto I succeeded him in 1878 and reigned until his assassination in 1900. Umberto's son Victor Emmanuel III then became king, ruling from 1900 to 1946.
The early decades of the unified Italian kingdom were marked by political and social upheaval. Tensions remained between the more industrialized north and the predominantly agricultural south. The Catholic Church also continued to oppose the loss of the Papal States. Economic modernization and nation-building efforts were hindered by persistent regional disparities, corruption, and the power of landed elites.
Imperialism and the First World War
In the late 19th century, Italy sought to expand its power and influence through colonialism. It fought a war with the Ottoman Empire in 1911-1912 to gain control of Libya. During World War I, Italy initially remained neutral but then joined the Allied powers in 1915, hoping to gain territory from Austria-Hungary. While Italy was on the winning side, the war was enormously costly and the postwar settlement was seen as unsatisfactory by many Italians.
The Rise of Fascism
The economic and social upheaval in Italy in the aftermath of World War I created an environment ripe for political extremism. The Italian Socialist Party gained strength, alarming the middle and upper classes. In response, former army officer Benito Mussolini founded the fascist movement, which came to power in the "March on Rome" in 1922. Mussolini established a dictatorship, consolidating control over the state and crushing political opposition.
Under Mussolini's "Il Duce" (the Leader), the Kingdom of Italy was transformed into the fascist "Regno d'Italia" (Kingdom of Italy). Mussolini allied Italy with Nazi Germany, and the two countries fought together in World War II as part of the Axis powers. However, after the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943, Mussolini was ousted and executed.
The Monarchy's End and the Italian Republic
In the final years of World War II, King Victor Emmanuel III tried to distance the monarchy from Mussolini's regime. However, the institution of the monarchy was thoroughly discredited. In a 1946 referendum, the Italian people voted to abolish the monarchy and establish the Italian Republic. Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son Umberto II, but the new king only briefly reigned before the republic was declared.
The transition to a republican system was contentious, with left-wing and right-wing factions vying for power. Ultimately, a Christian Democratic government emerged, allied with the United States during the Cold War period. Italy underwent a remarkable economic transformation in the postwar decades, becoming one of the leading industrialized democracies of Europe. However, political instability, corruption scandals, and the legacy of fascism continued to pose challenges for the new Italian Republic.
Establishment
March 1861: Formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
March 1861: The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.
March 1861: Siege of Civitella del Tronto.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
1.1.Military Campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Central Italy
Was a military campaign of the Kingdom of Sardinia in central Italy against the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was part of a series of conflicts that resulted in the unification of the Italian Peninsula.
1.1.1.Invasion of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies
Was the invasion of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia that happened at the same time of Garibaldi's expedition in southern Italy.
1.2.Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
Was the formal act that sanctioned the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It happened with a normative act of the Kingdom of Sardinia - the law 17 March 1861, n. 4761 - with which Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumed for himself and for his successors the title of King of Italy.
1.3.Capture of Rome
The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian Unification, also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States and the unification of the Italian Peninsula (except San Marino) under the Kingdom of Italy.
April 1870: The Capture of Rome on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian unification also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
2.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
2.1.1.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
June 1866: Italian retreat to the Oglio River.
October 1866: The Treaty of Vienna signed on 12 October 1866 marked the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It resulted in the transfer of Veneto from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, following the defeat of Austria by the Italian forces led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli.
2.1.1.1.Austrian Operations in Val Vestino
Was an Austrian military operation in Val Vestino during the Third Italian War of Independence.
July 1866: Austrian forces occupy Vestino Valley.
2.1.1.2.Austrian Operations in Valtellina
Was an Austrian military operation in Valtellina during the Third Italian War of Independence.
July 1866: An Austrian column descending from the Stelvio Pass occupied Bormio.
July 1866: On the evening of 3 July, an Italian detachment of about fifty men had proceeded reached the Mortirolo Pass.
July 1866: Bormio conquered by Kingdom of Italy.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
3.1.World War I Italian Theatre
Involved a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in the course of World War I.
June 1916: Limit of Austrian advance from Tyrol.
June 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Austrians voluntarily withdrew to the defensive line in Tyrol, known as the "Line of Demarcation."
3.1.1.Battle of Caporetto
The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo) was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers. It was the most serious defeat in the history of the Italian army, leading to the retreat of the entire Italian army as far as the Piave river.
October 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
3.1.2.Battle of Vittorio Veneto
It was the last armed clash between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War.
October 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
November 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
3.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
3.2.1.Treaty of St Germain
Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
The Albona Republic was a short-lived self-governing republic that was proclaimed by miners from the Istrian city of Albona on March 2, 1921 during a mining strike.
March 1921: The Albona Republic was a short-lived self-governing republic that was proclaimed by miners from Istrian city of Albona during a mining strike.
April 1921: The Italian administration in Istria, responding to requests for intervention from the mine owners, decided to suppress the Albona Republic using military force.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
5.1.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
5.1.1.Invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis
Was a military operation by the Axis forces that resulted in the occupation and partition of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
5.1.1.1.Surrender and partition of Yugoslavia
Was the partition of Yugoslavia among the invading Axis forces.
April 1941: Yugoslavia was partitioned ca. April 20-22, 1941 among the Axis countries (Italy and Germany) and their satellite states (Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania).
5.1.2.World War II (Balkan Theatre) - Croatia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Croatian territories of Italy were occupied by German forces.
September 1943: After the ousting of Mussolini and the Kingdom of Italy's armistice with the Allies, the Independent State of Croatia on 10 September 1943 declared that the Treaties of Rome were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been ceded to Italy.
5.1.3.German Invasion of Slovenia
After the Italian capitulation on 8 September 1943, German forces invaded Slovenia.
September 1943: The Italian Governorship of Dalmatia was disestablished and the country's possessions were subsequently divided between Germany, which established its Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral, and the Independent State of Croatia, which established the new district of Sidraga-Ravni Kotari.
5.2.World War II (Italian Front)
Was the Italian Front of World War II.
5.2.1.Allied invasion of Sicily
Was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers.
July 1943: Main invasion forces of U.S. Seventh and British Eighth Armies, with
close support of Royal and U.S. Navies and Allied aircraft, land on the southeastern coast of Sicily on broad front from Licata to Syracuse 02:45 and 06:00.
July 1943: The Allied invasion of Sicily continues. British and American forces make contact at Ragusa. Canicatti, Modica, Palazzolo, Sortini, and Scicli are taken by Allied forces.
July 1943: By July 15th British and American forces continue to advance in Sicily and take Mazzarino and Niscemi, Butera, the Biscari Airfield, Grammichele and Caltagirone.
July 1943: Allied forces secure the Salso and Simeto rivers. The U.S. Seventh Army is directed to cut northern coastal road after capture of Petralia. U.S. forces reach a line across Sicily from Campofelice to Agrigento. American forces take Fiume dell Canno, Raffadali, San Cataldo, Caltanissetta. British forces approach Catania.
July 1943: Anglo-American forces take Corleone.
July 1943: The Allied invasion of Sicily continues toward the northern coast of the Island, taking Bompietro.
July 1943: The U.S. Seventh Army takes Palermo.
July 1943: American forces occupy the areas of Trapani and Marsala.
July 1943: Allied forces occupy Santo Stefano.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Naso, Capo D'Orlando, and Bronte.
August 1943: Allied advance up to Brolo.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Barcellona and Montalbano.
August 1943: The Allied forces continue to advance in Sicily, reaching Spadafora, Randazzo, Linguaglossa. British forces size Taormina.
August 1943: American forces enter Messina at 10:00, soon joined by British forces. The campaign is concluded and Sicily is occupied by Allied forces.
5.2.2.Italian Campaign (World War II)
Was the military operation of the Allies to free italy from the forces of Germany and its puppet state, the Italian Social Republic.
September 1943: With the Armistice of Cassabile, having the Kingdom of Italy switched side, the allied controlled territories in Italy are now considered Kingdom of Italy.
October 1943: In the night between 2 and 3 October 1943 groups of British commandos arriving by sea at Termoli occupied both the port and the town.
October 1943: The German troops resisted as per Albert Kesselring's order, until 16 October, and then began to withdraw slowly from the Barbara Line, in order to buy time for the conclusion of the work on the Gustav Line.
November 1943: The German forces, led by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, were pressured by the Allies to abandon the Barbara Line in Italy. They retreated to the Bernhardt Line.
November 1943: By mid-November, the Allies had reached Sangro, in front of the Gustav Line.
December 1943: The main American attack began on 8 December: after days of bloody fighting in the mountains, the Germans had to evacuate Monte Lungo.
December 1943: Battle of Montelungo. By December 16th Mignano Monte Lungo is cleared by the U.S. Fifth Army.
December 1943: Allied conquest of San Pietro.
December 1943: Germans are cleared from Ortona by British forces.
January 1944: The Bernhardt Line underwent the first attacks by the US 5th Army starting on November 5, 1943, while the fight lasted until late December, when it was conquered.
May 1944: Allied forces conquer Mount Maio and the town of Castelforte, as well as Monte Girofano and Monte Feuci.
May 1944: In Italy, the Germans retreated to the Hitler line.
May 1944: On 22 May the II Army Corps had reached Terracina in the coastal sector.
May 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
May 1944: The French conquered the Ausoni mountains.
June 1944: Allied forces take Rome.
June 1944: Some garrisons had also remained in Orsogna, which was only liberated on 8 June 1944 by the paratroopers of the Nembo belonging to the Italian Liberation Corps (C.I.L.) after the breakthrough of the Gustav Line at Cassino.
June 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
July 1944: By July 3rd, Allied forces reach Siena, which falls to 3rd Algerian Division.
July 1944: Allied forces break through to Ancona on Adriatic coast.
July 1944: Leghorn falls to American 34th Division without serious opposition, but retreating Germans have carried out a thorough demolition program within the city and on harbor facilities.
August 1944: Allied offensive to liberate Italy up to the river Arno (1944).
August 1944: The Allies crossed the Arno at Pontassieve and entered Florence.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
September 1944: Lucca was liberated on 5 September.
September 1944: Allied conquest of Pistoia.
September 1944: Battle of Gemmano.
September 1944: Battle of Rimini.
December 1944: Faenza area cleared by the Allied forces.
December 1944: Battle of Garfagnana.
December 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the allied offensive in Italy.
5.2.2.1.Allied Invasion of Southern italy
Was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy, part of the Allied invasion of Italy.
September 1943: Allied forces land on Calabrian coast between Reggio and Villa S. Giovanni at 04:30. Against token resistance from Italians, Allied forces quickly seize Reggio Calabria.
September 1943: Allied armies reunited near Vallo della Lucania.
September 1943: In Apulia, the British paratroopers occupied the Gioia del Colle airport.
September 1943: The Allied advances in Italy reach the Volturno River.
September 1943: Operation Avalanche was part of the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II. It began on September 9, 1943, with the landing at Salerno.
September 1943: British forces occupy Foggia, which was abandoned by German forces.
5.2.2.2.Free France conquest of Corsica
Was the liberation of Corsica from Axis forces.
September 1943: Sardinia surrenders without a shot to small Allied party. Axis forces had already retired to neighboring islands.
5.2.2.3.Battle of Anzio
Was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II.
January 1944: Landing of the VI Army Corps at Anzio and Nettuno on 22 January 1944. British and American forces advance several miles inland.
January 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
February 1944: After heavy fighting and heavy losses on both sides, the Germans managed to recapture Aprilia on 9 February.
February 1944: U.S. operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944.
5.2.2.4.Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
Was the final Allied attack during the Italian Campaign in the final stages of the Second World War.
April 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
April 1945: Battle of Bologna. The city is liberated by Allied forces.
April 1945: US armored forces headed for Milan on 29 April.
April 1945: In the Truscott sector, La Spezia and Genoa were reached by allied troops.
May 1945: Allied spring offensive in northern Italy (April-May 1945).
May 1945: The surrender of Caserta was the formal and final act which sanctioned the end of the Italian campaign and the definitive defeat of the Nazi-fascist forces in the peninsula during the Second World War. The act was signed by Representatives of
German General Vietinghoff and became operational starting from 2 May.
5.2.3.Operation Achse
German operation to forcibly disarm the Italian armed forces after Italy's armistice with the Allies on 3 September 1943.
September 1943: In Piedmont the Germans quickly neutralized the Italian units present.
September 1943: The Italian departments rapidly disintegrated in Trentino-Alto Adige, despite the construction of the Alpine Wall in Alto Adige: by 9 September the two Alpine divisions of the 35th Army Corps of General Alessandro Gloria were immediately attacked and disarmed by the Germans.
September 1943: The army headquarters in Potenza was attacked by surprise and conquered by the Germans.
September 1943: Between Emilia and lower Lombardy, the units of the 1. SS-Panzer-Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler moved at midnight on 8 September towards the cities of Parma, Cremona, Reggio Emilia, Piacenza, Modena, where they easily overcame the sporadic resistance of some Italian departments.
September 1943: Leghorn (Italian: Livorno) was occupied on 10 September by German forces.
September 1943: After the armistice of italy, Germany occupied most of the country, including Rome.
September 1943: In central Italy north of Rome, the Italian 5th Army under the command of General Mario Caracciolo di Feroleto, based in Orte, disbanded on 11 September, the soldiers were disarmed and interned by the Germans.
September 1943: In Liguria, by 11 September, German troops of the 87th Army Corps (76th and 94th Infantry Division) and the 51st Army Corps (65th and 305th Infantry Division) occupied all positions.
September 1943: General Chiappa Armellini let the Germans enter Florence, Colonel Chiari in Arezzo, Colonel Laurei in Massa, and they yielded to the ex-allies without putting up any resistance.
September 1943: German Army Group B occupied all of central-northern Italy.
5.2.4.War in the German Operational Zones of northern Italy
Were the events in the operational zones created by Germany in northern Italy during World War II.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral was established during the second part of World War II, in September 1943. It was a territory in Italy controlled directly by Nazi Germany.
September 1943: The Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills was established by the occupying German Wehrmacht, as a response to the Allied Armistice with Italy.
January 1946: The provinces of Trento and Belluno were returned to the Italian government on New Year's Eve 1946.
5.2.5.Four Days of Naples
Was an uprising in Naples, Italy, against Nazi German occupation forces from September 27 to September 30, 1943, immediately prior to the arrival of Allied forces in the city.
September 1943: The Four Days of Naples were a historic episode of popular insurrection that took place during the Second World War, between 27 and 30 September 1943. During the insurrection, civilians, with the contribution of soldiers loyal to the Southern Kingdom, managed to free the city of Naples from the occupation of the Wehrmacht forces.
January 1920: Initially owned by the bishop, the island of Comacina subsequently changed hands through various owners. In 1919 it was bequeathed to King Albert I of Belgium and for a year it became an enclave under Belgian sovereignty.
January 1921: In 1920 Comacina Island was returned to the Italian state.
March 1924: The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924), agreeing to the annexation of Fiume by Italy and the absorption of Sušak by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; this took effect on 16 March.
June 1929: The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929).
June 1946: Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the Italian Resistance, the country abolished their monarchy and established a democratic Republic.
Disestablishment
January 1946: The provinces of Trento and Belluno were returned to the Italian government on New Year's Eve 1946.
June 1946: Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the Italian Resistance, the country abolished their monarchy and established a democratic Republic.
Selected Sources
Allied Offensives In Italy, 5 June- 31 December 1944. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope51.jpg
Delta del Po - Storia, retrieved November, 11th, 2020 on https://web.archive.org/web/20140505001813/http://www.atuttascuola.it/contributi/scienze/delta_del_po6.htm
Northeastern Italy, 1915 - 1917 - The Battle of Caporetto, 24 October - 12 November 1917. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWI/WWOne15.gif
Operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944 United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope50.jpg
Operations At Anzio And Cassino, 11-30 May 1944. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope50.jpg
Preti, V. (1997) Martin Mistère e i segreti del Po (CD-ROM), Leonardo Studio, Italy, animation of the evolution of Po delta
Rome-Arno 1944. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm
The Battle of Vittorio Veneto, Situation 24 October- 4 November 1918. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWI/WWOne20.jpg
Tomasevich, J. (1975): War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, Stanford University Press, pp. 89-92
U.S. Army Center of Military History. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://history.army.mil/brochures/po/map2.JPG
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 192
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 196
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 202
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 223
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 233
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 355
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 509
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p. 523
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.117
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.118
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.119
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.120
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.121
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.122
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.126
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.127
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.128
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.131
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.135
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.136
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.137
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.139
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.153
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.154
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.155
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.157
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.164
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.269
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, pp. 123-124
_crowned.svg (3).png.webp)
Kingdom of Italy
