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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Cyprus (Ptolemaic)
Joint Rule Byzantine Empire-Caliphate
Empire of Cyprus
Cyprus (Kingdom of England)
Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Cyprus (Mamluk)
Cyprus (Venice)
Cyprus (British Protectorate)
Cyprus (British Military Occupation)
Cyprus (British Colony)
Republic of Cyprus
Establishment
January 79 BC: Ptolemy of Cyprus was the king of Cyprus c. 80-58 BC. He was the younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes, king of Egypt, and, like him, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, he was also the uncle of Cleopatra VII. He appears to have been acknowledged king of Cyprus at the same time that his brother Auletes obtained the possession of the throne of Egypt, 80 BC.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Ptolemy of Cyprus was the king of Cyprus c. 80-58 BC. He was the younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes, King of Egypt.
Roman conquest of Cyprus.
January 57 BC: Ptolemy of Cyprus neglected the precaution of obtaining confirmation of his sovereignty at Rome, and made the additional error of offending Publius Clodius Pulcher, by failing to ransom him when he had fallen into the hands of Cilician pirates. When Clodius became tribune (58 BC), he enacted a law to deprive Ptolemy of his kingdom, and reduce Cyprus to a Roman province.
Were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th century. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
January 966: Cyprus conquered by Byzantine Empire.
Was an invasion led by Richard I of England against the Domain of Cyprus, a breakaway state from the Byzantine Empire ruled by Isaac Doukas Komnenos.
May 1191: English king Richard's fleet arrived in the port of Lemesos on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Limassol.
June 1191: Richard's troops, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole of Cyprus island.
January 1192: The island of Cyprus is sold to the master of Knights Templar.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
5.1.Third Crusade
Was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.
April 1192: Cyprus was acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
6.1.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
June 1402: In the spring of 1402, Tamerlan advanced into central Anatolia.
January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
7.1.Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
Was a war of the Ottoman Empire against the Republic of Venice and the Holy League.
7.1.1.Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
Was an Ottoman military campaign that resulted in the annexion of Cyprus, a Venetian possession at the time.
July 1570: The Ottomans landed unopposed at Salines, near Larnaca on the island's southern shore.
September 1570: The Siege of Nicosia in 1570 was part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573). The Ottoman forces, led by Lala Mustafa Pasha, besieged the city of Nicosia, which was then under Venetian control. The siege lasted for seven weeks, resulting in the fall of the city to the Ottoman Empire on September 9.
September 1570: The fortress of Kyrenia surrendered without resistance to the Ottoman Empire.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
August 1571: Famagusta fell to the Ottomans in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
June 1878: A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War.
Was the Turkish invasion of Cyprus that resulted in the formation of the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration in the northern portion of the island. The invasion immediate cuase was the Greek junta-sponsored Cypriot coup d'état that happened in a period of intercommunal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
10.1.First Turkish Invasion
Was the first phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
July 1974: Battle of Pentemili beachhead.
July 1974: The last defences at Kyrenia collapsed. Greek Cypriot forces, trapped in the castle, managed to escape out of the city.
July 1974: The forces of a Turkish Commando arrived at Nicosia Airport just in time to mount a defence, via old city buses. They assumed fighting positions in and around the main terminal building, as a convoy of Turkish vehicles arrived at the north end of the airport, about 500 metres from the defenders.
July 1974: The village of St Ermolaos was briefly recaptured by Cypriot National Guard forces led by General George Grivas in 1974 during the Turkish military occupation of Cyprus. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots on the island.
July 1974: Cypriot National Guard forces retreat from St Ermolaos.
August 1974: Turkish forces occupied Lapithos after two days of resistance.
10.2.Second Turkish Invasion
Was the second phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
August 1974: Morphou and Lefka both fall to Turkish forces.
August 1974: The last defences at Famagusta (Varosha) collapsed, and Greek Cypriot forces, led by General George Grivas, withdrew to Larnaca. The city was then occupied by Turkish forces during the Cyprus conflict in 1974.
August 1974: The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is a demilitarized zone, patrolled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), that was established in 1964 and extended in 1974 after the ceasefire of 16 August 1974.
August 1974: Turkish forces advance as far as the "Green line", a predetermined territorial occupation by which time, 37% of the island is now under Turkish control.
January 689: In 688, the emperor Justinian II and the caliph Abd al-Malik reached an unprecedented agreement. The Arabs evacuated Cyprus, and for the next 300 years, the island was ruled jointly by both the Caliphate and the Byzantines as a condominium, despite the nearly constant warfare between the two parties on the mainland.
January 873: In the year 872, in the Battle of Bathys Ryax he definitively defeated the Paulician heretics who had rebelled in the previous years and had allied themselves with the Arabs, obtaining, among other successes, also the taking and sacking of Ephesus and was able to reconquer the island of Cyprus, albeit for only seven years.
January 880: Under Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867-886) Byzantine troops recaptured Cyprus, which was established as a theme, but after seven years the island reverted to the previous status quo.
January 1185: Isaac Doukas Komnenos was a claimant to the Byzantine Empire and the ruler of Cyprus from 1184 to 1191.
January 1362: Attalea, now known as Antalya, was the capital of the Turkish beylik of Teke. In 1361, the territory was conquered by the Kingdom of Cyprus, ruling until 1373. This period of Cypriot rule was a significant chapter in the history of Antalya.
January 1362: Peter I, the King of Cyprus, removed the Mamelukes and assumed suzerainty.
November 1365: The Alexandrian Crusade was led by King Peter I of Cyprus, who sought to capture the city of Alexandria in Egypt in October 1365. The expedition was part of the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Cyprus and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
December 1365: The Alexandrian Crusade was an expedition led by King Peter I of Cyprus against the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which was under the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt at the time. The goal of the crusade was to capture the city and establish control over the region.
January 1374: Attalea, now known as Antalya, was the capital of the Turkish beylik of Teke until its conquest by the Ottomans. The territory briefly came under Cypriot rule between 1361 and 1373.
January 1426: Occupation of the kingdom of Cyprus by the Mamluks. The king was taken captive because of his alleged assistance to the pirates.
January 1427: Occupation of the Kingdom of Cyprus by the Mamluks.
January 1427: The Mameluks then made the kingdom a tributary state in 1426.
February 1489: In 1489 the widow of James II of Lusignan and last queen, the Venetian Caterina Cornaro, was forced to abdicate and cede the island to the Republic of Venice. The Sultan of Egypt himself took note of it, accepting the fait accompli.
November 1914: British military occupation of Cyprus from 1914.
May 1925: From 1925 to 1960 Cyprus was a British Crown colony.
August 1960: The areas, which include British military bases and installations, as well as other land, were retained by the British under the 1960 treaty of independence, signed by the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and representatives from the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities.
August 1960: Following the London and Zurich Agreements of 19 February 1959 Cyprus became an independent republic.
Selected Sources
Ducas: Historia turco-bizantina 1341-1462, XXII [6]
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