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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
Chronology
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June 1291: The Mamluks capture Sidon.
July 1291: Beirut surrenders to the Mameluk troops.
Was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule.
June 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
July 1097: The Battle of Dorylaeum took place during the First Crusade and resulted in the victory of the Christian forces.
September 1097: Tancred defeated the Seljuk garrison of Tarsus and started negotiations about their surrender.
September 1097: As soon as Tancred reaches Mamistra, the Seljuk garrison fled the town and the local Armenians acknowledge Tancred as their ruler.
September 1097: Tancred puts a garrison in Mamistra before leaving Cilicia through the Belen Pass and joins the main crusader army.
October 1097: An English fleet in Byzantine service seizes Latakia.
February 1098: The Crusaders captured the ports of Latakia and Port Saint Symeon.
February 1098: The crusaders capture Harim.
April 1098: After passing through the Cilician Gates, Baldwin of Boulogne set off on his own towards the Armenian lands around the Euphrates. His wife, his only claim to European lands and wealth, had died after the battle, giving Baldwin no incentive to return to Europe. Thus, he resolved to seize a fiefdom for himself in the Holy Land. Early in 1098, he was adopted as heir by Thoros of Edessa, a ruler who was disliked by his Armenian subjects for his Greek Orthodox religion. Thoros was later killed, during an uprising that Baldwin may have instigated. Then, in March 1098, Baldwin became the new ruler, thus creating the County of Edessa, the first of the crusader states.
June 1098: After the Siege of Antioch the Principality of Antioch is founded.
September 1098: Raymond IV takes Albara.
January 1099: Siege of Ma'arra.
January 1099: The Fatimids recover Jerusalem in 1098.
January 1099: Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) were captured by the Crusaders and united to the Maras Seigneurship in the County of Edessa in 1098.
January 1099: Foundation of the County of Edessa.
May 1099: The Crusaders turned inland at Jaffa.
June 1099: The Crusaders reached Ramlah, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants.
June 1099: During the First Crusade Tancred of Hauteville and Gaston IV of Béarn captured Bethlehem.
June 1099: The Crusaders reached Jerusalem and began a siege.
July 1099: Siege of Duncannon.
July 1099: Godfrey is elected as the ruler of Jerusalem.
August 1099: Battle of Ascalon.
September 1099: After Byzantine troops are garrisoned at Latakia, Bohemond besieges the town.
May 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
July 1098: The crusader leaders send Hugh, Count of Vermandois and Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut to Constantinople to inform Alexios I about the conquest of Antioch. Bohemond takes control of most parts of the town, because most crusader leaders cede the districts that they had protected during the siege to him. Raymond IV retains his district and Peter Bartholomew declares him the protector of the Holy Lance.
March 1099: In January 1099 on the journey to Jerusalem during the First Crusade, the company of Raymond IV of Toulouse came under attack from the garrison of Hisn al-Akrad, the forerunner of the Krak, who harried Raymond's foragers. The following day Raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted. The crusaders briefly occupied the castle in February of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards Jerusalem. Permanent occupation began in 1110.
Campaigns that followed the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.
June 1101: The Crusaders (Crusade of 1101) captured Ancyra on June 23, 1101.
August 1101: Battle of Mersivan: massive defeat for the crusaders.
The second Battle of Ramla (or Ramleh) took place on 17 May 1102 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimids of Egypt.
May 1102: The second Battle of Ramla took place on 17 May 1102 between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fatimids of Egypt.
After the great Crusader defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104, all of Antioch's strongholds east of the Orontes River were abandoned.
May 1104: After the great Crusader defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104, all of Antioch's strongholds east of the Orontes River were abandoned.
The Battle of Artah was fought in 1105 between Crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks at the town of Artah near Antioch.
April 1105: The Battle of Artah was fought in 1105 between Crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks at the town of Artah near Antioch.
May 1105: In mid-spring 1105, the inhabitants of Artah, which is located 40 km east-northeast of Antioch, expelled Antioch's garrison from the fortress and allied with Ridwan of Aleppo or surrendered to the latter upon his approach to the fortress.
Tripoli was captured by the Crusaders, becoming the capital of the County of Tripoli.
July 1109: When the Frankish Crusaders - mostly southern French forces - captured Tripoli in 1109, Bertrand of Toulouse became the first Count of Tripoli as a vassal of King Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
July 1109: Rafaniya was conquered by the Seljukids.
July 1109: Tripoli is captured by the Crusaders and becomes the capital of the County of Tripoli.
Led by Norwegian King Sigurd I, was a crusade that lasted from 1107 to 1111, in the aftermath of the First Crusade.
October 1110: Sidon is besieged by the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
An expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim Taifa (principality), was launched in the form of a Crusade.
September 1114: Pisan troops made their way into the city of Ibiza and the Muslim commander surrendered unconditionally.
January 1117: The Almoravids coming from the Iberian peninsula reconquered the Balearic Islands in 1116.
May 1115: With the capitulation of the Fort of Majorca, the Pisans completed their conquest of the Balearic Islands in April 1115.
Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo.
June 1119: Roger of Salerno's Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch was annihilated by the army of Ilghazi of Mardin, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo.
In the Battle of Hab on August 14, 1119, a Crusader army commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem won a disputed victory over a Muslim army led by Ilghazi of Mardin.
August 1119: In the Battle of Hab a Crusader army commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem won a disputed victory over a Muslim army led by Ilghazi of Mardin. Baldwin II managed to re-take all of the castles conquered by Ilghazi and prevented him from marching on Antioch.
Was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre.
February 1124: On 15 February 1124, the Venetians and the Franks began the siege of Tyre.
June 1124: Tyre surrendered on 29 June 1124.
The siege of Aleppo by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and his allies lasted from 6 October 1124 to 25 January 1125.
January 1125: The siege of Aleppo by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and his allies lasted from 6 October 1124 to 25 January 1125.
The allied forces of the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa invaded Muslim Syria and put Shaizar under siege.
The siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi.
December 1144: The siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi.
The Northern Crusades (or Baltic Crusades) were Christian colonization and Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.
15.1.Wendish Crusade
Was a military campaign in 1147, one of the Northern Crusades and a part of the Second Crusade, led primarily by the Holy Roman Empire and directed against the Polabian Slavs (or "Wends") in present-day northeast Germany and Poland.
January 1145: A diocese is again established in Havelberg, after it had been destroyed by the local Slavic tribes.
Was the second of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in 1144 to the forces of Zengi.
July 1148: Siege of Damascus.
July 1148: The siege of Damascus resulted in the defeat of the Crusaders and the territory of Damascus remained under Burid control.
June 1149: The Zengid army of Atabeg Nur ad-Din Zangi destroyed the combined army of Prince Raymond of Antioch and the Assassins of Ali ibn-Wafa.
Were a series of campaigns undertaken by the Kingdom of Jerusalem to strengthen its position in the Levant by taking advantage of the weakness of Fatimid Egypt.
17.1.Siege of Ascalon
Capture of that Egyptian fortress by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
January 1154: Capture of Ascalon, an Egyptian fortress, by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Was a battle between the Christian crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubids.
June 1179: Marjayoun is conquered by Ayyubid troops led by Saladin against the Christians.
A victory of the Muslim Sultan Saladin over the Christian King of Jerusalem, Baldwin IV.
August 1179: A victory of the Muslim sultan Saladin over the Christian King of Jerusalem, Baldwin IV, resulted in the conquest of Jacob's Ford.
Was a small battle between Frankish and Ayyubid forces on 1 May 1187.
May 1187: Battle of Cresson: Muzzafar al-Din annihilates an army of Hospitallers and Templars.
Was a battle between the Christian Crusader states and the Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
September 1187: After the Battle of Hattin, 52 towns and fortifications were captured by Saladin's forces. By mid-September, Saladin had taken Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Ascalon.
September 1187: The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin.
October 1187: The Siege of Jerusalem was a siege on the city of Jerusalem that lasted from September 20 to October 2, 1187, when Balian of Ibelin surrendered the city to Saladin.
November 1187: Tyre was saved by the arrival of Conrad of Montferrat, resulting in Saladin's siege of Tyre.
January 1188: The Siege of Tyre ended on January 1, 1188.
Was part of Saladin's invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
January 1189: Siege of Safed (1188).
Was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.
August 1189: Siege of Acre (1189-1191).
September 1191: The Crusaders, now under the unified command of Richard I of England, defeated Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf, allowing for the Crusader conquest of Jaffa and much of coastal Palestine.
September 1191: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England overcomes Saladin.
January 1192: The crusaders seized the abandoned Ascalon.
April 1192: Cyprus was acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.
June 1192: The crusaders march as far as Bayt Nuba near Jerusalem.
July 1192: The city of Jaffa was reconquered by Richard I of England.
July 1192: In July 1192 Saladin, at the head of thousands of men, took Jaffa.
July 1191: Siege of Acre (1189-1191).
23.1.Treaty of Jaffa (1192)
A treaty between the Muslim ruler Saladin and Richard the Lionheart, King of England, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a coastal strip between Jaffa and Beirut.
September 1192: Richard I of England signed a treaty with Saladin in 1192, restoring the Kingdom of Jerusalem to a coastal strip between Jaffa and Beirut.
Was a conflict caused by the disputed succession of Bohemond III in the Principality of Antioch.
February 1216: Taking advantage of Bohemond IV of Antioch's absence, Armenian forces entered Antioch during the night of February 14, 1216. A few days later, the Templars, who had control of the citadel, surrendered without a fight.
January 1217: The Latin patriarch of Antioch, Peter of Ivrea, consecrated Raymond Rupeno prince.
January 1192: In 1191, Leo of Armenia captured and rebuilt Bagras, a strategically important fortress which Saladin had besieged when it was ruled by the Knights Templar and which he had destroyed before abandoning it.
Was a crusade launched by the Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI.
October 1197: A substantial German army under the command of Archchancellor Conrad of Mainz and Marshal Henry of Kalden landed at Acre. They captured the wealthy and important city of Sidon.
October 1197: Archchancellor Conrad of Mainz and Marshal Henry of Kalden entered Beirut.
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
November 1202: The Siege of Zara was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders. The crusaders had an agreement with Venice for transport across the sea, but the price far exceeded what they were able to pay. Venice set the condition that the crusaders help them capture Zara. Zara fell on 24 November.
April 1204: In January 1203, while heading to Jerusalem, the Crusader leadership entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos to divert the Crusade to Constantinople and restore his deposed father Isaac II Angelos as emperor. However, in January 1204 he was deposed by a popular uprising. The Crusaders were no longer able to receive their promised payments from Alexios. Following the murder of Alexios on 8 February, the Crusaders decided on the outright conquest of the city. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city.
April 1204: After the fall of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders agreed to divide up Byzantine territory. In the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, signed on 1 October 1204, three eighths of the empire (including Crete and other islands) went to the Republic of Venice. The Latin Empire claimed the remainder.
April 1204: The empire traces its foundation to April 1204, when Alexios Komnenos and his brother David took advantage of the preoccupation of the central Byzantine government with the encampment of the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade outside their walls (June 1203 - mid-April 1204) and seized the city of Trebizond and the surrounding province of Chaldia.
June 1204: During the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Venetians seized the port of Lampsacus, while French knight Peter of Bracieux captured the nearby Pegai. This territory was then taken over by the Latin Empire.
October 1204: The Duchy of Philippopolis was a short-lived duchy of the Latin Empire founded after the collapse and partition of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
October 1204: The Crusader State of Thessalonica was founded after the Fourth Crusade over conquered Byzantine lands in Macedonia and Thessaly.
October 1204: The first lord of Salona, Thomas I d'Autremencourt, was named by Boniface of Montferrat, the King of Thessalonica, in 1205.
October 1204: The Marquisate of Bodonitsa, like Salona, was originally created as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
October 1204: Leo Sgouros, taking advantage of the disruption caused by the Fourth Crusade, made himself independent and established the Despotate of Argolid, Corinthia and Central Greece.
October 1204: The Triarchy of Negroponte (Thessalonica) was a crusader state established between 1204 and 1470 on the island of Euboea.
October 1204: Crete becomes part part of the Latin Empire and is allotted to Boniface of Montferrat.
November 1204: The Latin Empire, established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire sprang up in Epirus, Trebizond, and Nicaea. Theodore appeared as his father-in-law's representative and secured the Bithynian towns' loyalty in Alexios III's name until the end of 1204. The local Greeks acknowledged him as the strategos (or military leader) of Bithynia.
November 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Latin Empire captured Thrace, Thessaly, and northern Greece. The territory was then given to Boniface of Montferrat, who established the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
November 1204: In 1204, the Empire of Trebizond, led by Alexios, captured Kerasous, Cide, Amasra, and Heraclea Pontica along the Byzantine coast. Additionally, they took control of Limnia, Samsun, and Sinope, expanding their territory significantly.
November 1204: In 1204, the territory of Samsun and its surroundings fell under the control of the Empire of Trebizond.
November 1204: Soon after the sack of Constantinople in 1204 parts of Crimea were annexed by the Empire of Trebzond.
November 1204: Venetian Tekirdağ (Rodosto) and Gelibolu Peninsula (Gallipoli), 1204-1235.
January 1205: The Principality of Theodoro was formed in 1204, during the IV Crusade, in that part of the thema of Klimata in the Crimea which was not occupied by the Genoese.
January 1205: Following the Fourth Crusade's attack on the Byzantines in 1204, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruled by King Levon I and his wife Queen Isabella, periodically held the port of Alanyia and the surrounding coast as part of their expanding territory.
January 1205: Latin forces defeated the Nicaean forces at Poimanenon and Prusa in 1204.
January 1205: Cession of Crete to Venice by the King of Thessalonica (1204).
January 1205: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Hydra (Idra) became a Venetian colony.
November 1204: Samothrace Island (Samotracia) is acquired by Venice after the Fourth Crusade.
October 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Latin Empire captured Thrace, Thessaly, and northern Greece. The territory was then given to Boniface of Montferrat, who established the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
October 1204: After the Fourth Crusade the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Ikaria became part of the Latin Empire.
November 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Beyoğlu (Pera) neighborhood in Constantinople was taken over by the Republic of Venice. The Venetians controlled the area until 1261 when the Byzantine Empire recaptured Constantinople.
January 1205: In 1204, Arbanon, led by Prince Progon, attained political independence from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade. The territory went to the Principality of Arbanon, marking a temporary period of autonomy.
Frankish conquest of Sidon, Lydda and Ramla, in the Holy Land.
October 1204: Aimery and Al-Adil conclude a six-year truce. The Franks take full control of Sidon, Lydda and Ramla.
Was a Papally-sanctioned war against the rebellious peasants of Stedingen, in the Archibishopric of Bremen.
January 1205: In 1204, the Stedinger north of the Hunte rebelled against the count of Oldenburg, burning to the ground two of his castles. Their revolt spread south of the Hunte, where the archbishop's ministerials were driven off.
January 1235: The archbishop of Bremen mobilized his church and the Papacy to have a crusade sanctioned against the rebels of Stedingen. In the first campaign, the small crusading army was defeated. In a follow-up campaign the next year, a much larger crusader army was victorious.
July 1209 - April 12, 1229: a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc.
August 1209: A 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc.
Was a Crusade initiated by Pope Honorius III. The military actions took place in Palestine and Egypt.
December 1217: The crusaders capture Beisan.
August 1218: In 1218, the fortress of Damietta in the Nile Delta was besieged by the Crusaders. After two failed attempts, the fortress eventually capitulated on 25 August.
January 1222: Al-Kamil forced the Crusaders to retreat from Damietta and Egypt altogether.
Was a military expedition to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land. The diplomatic maneuvering of the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II, resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem.
February 1229: Even with the military orders on board, Frederick of Sicily's force was a mere shadow of the army that had amassed when the crusade had originally been called. He realised that his only hope of success in the Holy Land was to negotiate for the surrender of Jerusalem as he lacked the manpower to engage the Ayyubid sultanate in battle. He hoped that a token show of force, a threatening march down the coast, would be enough to convince al-Kamil, the sultan of Egypt, to honor a proposed agreement that had been negotiated some years earlier, prior to the death of al-Muazzam, the governor of Damascus. The Egyptian sultan, occupied with the suppression of rebellious forces in Syria, agreed to cede Jerusalem to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast. In addition, Frederick received Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa, and Bethlehem.
Was a Hungarian war of conquest against the Banate of Bosnia sanctioned as a crusade.
January 1236: In 1236, the Banate of Bosnia was targeted in a Hungarian war of conquest sanctioned as a crusade. This conflict involved King Bela IV of Hungary and Ban Matej Ninoslav of Bosnia, with the goal of expanding Hungarian territory and influence in the region.
February 1236: Ban Matej Ninoslav of Bosnia was able to retake control of Bosnia.
Was a crusade to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, was the most successful crusade since the First Crusade.
December 1239: An-Nasir Dawud of Transjordan, whose caravan had been seized by Peter, marched on Jerusalem, which was largely undefended. After a month of being holed up in the Tower of David, the garrison of the citadel surrendered to Dawud on 7 December.
March 1241: The Ayyubid signed a treaty with the crusaders. Galilee and the hinterland of Jaffa were restored to the Kingdom of Jerusalem which reaches its greatest territorial extent after 1187.
The 1244 Siege of Jerusalem took place after the Sixth Crusade, when roaming Khwarazmians clans conquered the city on July 15, 1244.
July 1244: The 1244 Siege of Jerusalem took place after the Sixth Crusade, when roaming Khwarazmians clans conquered the city on July 15, 1244.
Was a military campaign of the Ayyubids that led to the conquest of important cities controlled by the Crusader states, like Ascalon.
June 1247: Ayyubids occupies Tiberias.
June 1247: Mount Tabor and Belvoir surrendered to Ayyub's troops.
October 1247: In 1247, the Ayyubid Dynasty, led by the Egyptian sultan As-Salih Ayyub, captured the city of Ascalon from the Crusaders.
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Ayyubids of Egypt.
June 1249: Damietta was taken by the French with little resistance from the Egyptians.
June 1250: In March 1250 Louis IX of France tried to return to Damietta, but he was taken captive at the Battle of Fariskur, where his army was annihilated. Louis fell ill with dysentery, and was cured by an Arab physician. In May he was ransomed for 800,000 bezants, half of which was to be paid before the King left Egypt, with Damietta also being surrendered as a term in the agreement.
Popular crusading movement in northern France aimed at rescuing King Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade. The crusade seems to have been more of a revolt against the French church and nobility, who were thought to have abandoned King Louis.
January 1251: A popular crusading movement in northern France aimed at rescuing King Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade. The crusade seems to have been more of a revolt against the French church and nobility, who were thought to have abandoned Louis.
Arsuf was conquered by the Mamluk Sultanate.
March 1265: Mamluk sultane Baibars captures and destroys Caesarea.
March 1265: Baibars could not take Chastel Pelerin, but he destroyed Haifa.
April 1265: At the end of April, after 40 days of siege, the town of Arsuf surrendered to the Mamluks.
March 1265: In late March 1265 Sultan Baibars, Muslim ruler of the Mamluks, laid siege to Arsuf. It was defended by 270 Knights Hospitallers.
The Siege of Safed (13 June - 23 July 1266) was part of the campaign of the Mamlūk sultan Baybars I to reduce the Kingdom of Jerusalem. .
June 1266: The Siege of Safed in 1266 was led by Mamluk sultan Baybars I as part of his campaign to conquer the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Safed fell to the Mamluks, further weakening the Kingdom's defenses.
July 1266: The Siege of Safed in 1266 was led by Mamluk sultan Baybars I as part of his campaign to conquer the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Safed fell to the Mamluks, further weakening the Kingdom's defenses.
The Siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamelukes under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch.
March 1268: Mamluk sultane Baibar captures and destroys Jaffa.
May 1268: The Mamluks conquered the major Crusader fortress of Antioch.
June 1268: The Siege of Antioch occurred in 1268 when the Mamelukes under Baibars finally succeeded in capturing the city of Antioch.
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Hafsids of Tunisia.
July 1270: The Crusaders landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July without facing much resistance. The crusaders built a camp near a fort built over Carthage and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou.
October 1270: Because of diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October with the Treaty of Tunis.
The Crusader fortress of Krak des Chevaliers fell to the Mamluk sultan Baybars in 1271.
March 1271: Baibars' army arrived at the Krak des Chevaliers, a Crusader's castle now located in Syria.
Was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state, the County of Tripoli (in what is modern-day Lebanon), by the Muslim Mamluks.
April 1289: The Siege of Tripoli in 1289 was led by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, under the command of Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil. The city was defended by the Knights Hospitaller, led by Grand Master Odo de Pins. The Mamluks eventually captured the city, ending Crusader control in the region.
May 1289: The Fall of Tripoli was the capture and destruction of the Crusader state by the Mamluks.
The Siege of Acre took place in 1291 and resulted in the Crusaders losing control of Acre to the Mamluks.
April 1291: The Siege of Acre in 1291 led to the fall of the Crusader-controlled city to the Mamluks, marking the end of the Crusader presence in the Holy Land. The Mamluks were a powerful military caste in Egypt, known for their role in the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty.
May 1291: The Siege of Acre in 1291 led to the fall of the Crusader-controlled city to the Mamluks, marking the end of the Crusader presence in the Holy Land. The Mamluks were a powerful military caste in Egypt, known for their role in the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty.
May 1291: The Mamluks capture Acre.
When the garrison on the tiny Isle of Ruad fell to the Mamluks, it marked the loss of the last Crusader outpost on the coast of the Levant.
September 1302: Fall of Ruad: the Crusaders surrendered on September 26, 1302, following a promise of safe conduct.
Was a popular uprising in the Kingdom of France.
January 1320: The Shepherds' Crusade of 1320a was a popular uprising, waged without the support of the powerful and even against them. A similar People's Crusade took place in 1251.
Was a battle between a crusader army of allied countries (Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Wallachia, France, Venice and others) and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman victory led to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
November 1396: In 1396, Ivan Sratsimir joined the Crusade of the Hungarian king Sigismund, but after the Christian army was defeated in the battle of Nicopolis the Ottomans immediately marched on Vidin and seized it, bringing an end to the medieval Bulgarian state.
Selected Sources
Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2020): Conflict and Collaboration in Medieval Iberia, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 113
Capo, L. / Ciaralli, A. (2016): Per Enzo. Studi in memoria di Vincenzo Matera, Firenze University Press, p.39
Kim Bergqvist, Kurt Villads Jensen, Anthony John Lappin
Rogers, R. (1997): Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century, Clarendon Press, p.167
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.115
Crusades
