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Were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th century. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
November 670: The Muslim fleet, led by the Umayyad Caliphate, under the command of Muawiyah I, successfully navigated through the Sea of Marmara and established a base in Cyzicus in 670. This strategic move allowed them to expand their influence in the region and control key trade routes.
April 671: The Muslim fleet, led by the Arab commander Mu'awiya, had successfully penetrated into the Sea of Marmara by 670. They established a base at Cyzicus, a strategic location in present-day Turkey, where they stayed during the winter of 671. This marked a significant advancement in the Arab-Byzantine conflict during the early Islamic expansion.
January 676: A massive Muslim fleet reappeared in the Marmara and re-established a base at Cyzicus.
January 679: Constantine IV however used a devastating new weapon that came to be known as "Greek fire", invented by a Christian refugee from Syria named Kallinikos of Heliopolis, to decisively defeat the attacking Umayyad navy in the Sea of Marmara, resulting in the lifting of the siege in 678.
January 832: Theophilos was the Byzantine Emperor from 829 to 842. Tarsus was an important city in Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey. The capture of Tarsus from the Muslims was a significant military victory for the Byzantine Empire in their ongoing conflicts with the Muslim forces in the region.
January 838: In 837, the Byzantine Empire, under the rule of Emperor Theophilos, destroyed the cities of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra as a vengeful act against the Arab forces that had previously attacked Byzantine territories. Theophilos sought to assert Byzantine dominance in the region through these brutal actions.
February 838: In 838, the territories of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra were taken over by the Abbasid Caliphate after being destroyed by vengeful Byzantine troops in 837. The Byzantine troops were led by Emperor Theophilos in retaliation for previous Arab raids in the region.
January 839: Raid of the Abbasids led by caliph Al-Mu'tasim at Dazimon, Ancyra and finally at Amorium.
February 839: After a raid, the Abbasids leave Dazimon, Ancyra and Amorium.
January 841: Arabs from recently conquered Sicily established a Muslim settlement in Taranto in 840.
January 881: Arab Campaign in southern Italy.
January 889: Arab raid in Calabria.
January 891: The Hamdanid Dynasty was established in 890.
January 903: In 903, the Arab Campaign in southern Italy reached Cosenza, which was under Byzantine control at the time.
February 903: The Arabs leave Cosenza.
January 905: Savage sack of Thessalonika in 904 by the Saracens of Crete.
January 962: Saif al-Daula of the Hamdanid dynasty, the Emir of Aleppo, had taken 30,000 men into Imperial territory, attempting to take advantage of the army's absence in Crete.
December 962: The Phokas brothers, Nikephoros and Leo, were Byzantine generals. They led the siege of Aleppo in 962, capturing the city except for the citadel. The Emir's soldiers fiercely defended the citadel against the Byzantine forces.
January 963: The Phokas brothers, Nikephoros and Leo, were Byzantine generals. The Emir of Aleppo at the time was Sayf al-Dawla, a prominent ruler of the Hamdanid Dynasty. The Byzantine siege of Aleppo in 963 resulted in the city being partially destroyed, with only the citadel remaining under the control of the Emir's soldiers.
January 968: Arab Campaign in southern Italy.
January 968: Said had not fully recovered from the sack of Aleppo, which became an imperial vassal shortly thereafter.
January 970: In 969, the city of Antioch was retaken by the Byzantines.
January 976: After dealing with more Church matters, Tzimiskes returned in the spring of 975. Syria, Lebanon, and much of Palestine fell to the imperial armies of Byzantium.
January 996: Aleppo under siege by Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah.
January 996: Byzantine emperor Basil II sacked Emesa and reached as far as Tripoli.
February 996: End of the Fatimid siege of Aleppo.
April 1000: Byzantine emperor Basil II spent three months in Syria, during which the Byzantines raided as far as Baalbek and sacked Rafaniya.
May 1000: The Byzantines leave Syria after a raid.
January 1018: Acknowledgement of Fatimid suzerainty by Lu'lu' of Aleppo in 1004.
February 905: End of the sack of Thessalonika by the Saracens.
January 966: Cyprus conquered by Byzantine Empire.
February 889: End of an Arab raid in Calabria.
January 928: Arab Campaign in southern Italy.
February 996: The Byzantines leave Emesa and Tripoli after a raid.
April 1000: Byzantine emperor Basil II took garrisoned Shaizar, and captured three minor forts in its vicinity: Abu Qubais, Masyath, and 'Arqah.
Was the conquest of Armenia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 646: Arab conquest of Armenia.
Was an Arab invasion of Cyprus.
January 650: The Arabs plunder Cyprus.
February 650: The Arabs leave Cyprus after a raid.
Arab occupation of Amorium.
January 666: Arab occupation of Amorium.
Arab conquest of Byzantine Cappadocia and Cylicia.
January 710: Arab occupation of Cappadocia and Cylicia.
Arab conquest of Byzantine Amasea and Mishtia.
January 713: Arab occupation of Amasea and Mishtia.
A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
July 717: Siege of Constantinople (717-718). A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
August 718: Siege of Constantinople (717-718). A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
January 747: Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
January 753: Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
February 782: On 9 February 782, Harun, the fifth Abbasid Caliph, departed Baghdad. The Arabs crossed the Taurus Mountains by the Cilician Gates, and swiftly took the border fortress of Magida.
January 783: The Abbasids advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia.
February 783: The Abbasid Caliphate, led by Harun al-Rashid, advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia in 783, ultimately leading to the territory falling under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
October 806: In 806, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid led his forces to capture the city of Herakleia after a month-long siege. Herakleia was a strategically important city in the Byzantine Empire, located in modern-day Turkey. The successful capture of Herakleia was a significant military achievement for the Abbasid Caliphate.
January 807: Yazid ibn Makhlad captured the "Fort of the Willow" (al-Safsaf) and Malakopea.
January 807: Andrasos conquered by Abbasid Caliphate.
The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate.
September 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, captured the Byzantine city of Amorion after a two-week siege. This victory was part of the ongoing Arab-Byzantine wars, with the Abbasids aiming to expand their territory and weaken the Byzantine Empire.
October 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, launched a successful campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The city of Amorion was besieged and captured after two weeks, resulting in a significant victory for the Abbasid forces.
Arab conquest of Byzantine Pamphilia.
January 853: Arab conquest of Pamphilia.
Byzantine reconquest of Edessa.
January 943: Byzantine reconquest of Edessa.
Was the Byzantine Sack of Aleppo. At the time the city was controlled by the Hamdanid Dynasty.
January 964: Sack of Aleppo (962).
February 964: The Sack of Aleppo in 962 was carried out by the Byzantine Empire under the command of Nikephoros Phokas. The city was captured and looted, leading to the transfer of control to the Hamdanid Dynasty in 964.
Byzantine conquest of Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Acre and Caesarea.
January 976: Byzantine conquest of Damascus, Tiberiade, Nazareth, Acri and Caesarea.
Selected Sources
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.94
Arab-Byzantine Wars
