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Data

Name: free city of bremen

Type: Cluster

Start: 1367 AD

End: 1871 AD

Statistics

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Icon free city of bremen

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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.

The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:

  • Imperial City of Bremen
  • Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

    • Establishment

  • January 1367: Establishment of the Imperial City of Bremen.

    • Chronology

    Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

    1. European wars of religion

    Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.

    1.1.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars

    Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.

    1.1.1.Swedish Wars on Bremen

    Were two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.

    1.1.1.1.First Swedish War on Bremen

    Was the first of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.

  • May 1654: Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatized part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden. In early May 1654, the Swedes attacked the Bremen exclave of Bederkesa. The small garrison of only 40 men stationed in the castle there had to capitulate on May 8th.
  • May 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders, led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel, invaded the Bremen area.
  • June 1654: The Bremeners recaptured Vegesack and took 83 prisoners there.
  • June 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders invaded the Bremen area during the Thirty Years' War. They engaged in a skirmish at the Steinturm am Dobben, which was part of the upstream Landwehr defenses in the east of the city.
  • July 1654: In July 1654, the people of Bremen, led by Gerhard vor dem Keller, captured Verden with 600 men, three cavalry companies, and two guns.
  • July 1654: In mid-July, a Bremen contingent of around 1,000 men sailed down the Weser in ships, invaded the Land of Wursten and forced the residents there to contribute.
  • July 1654: In the meantime, Königsmarck had gathered 1,700 men under Carl Gustav Wrangel near Verden in order to intercept the retreating Bremen troops. News of the rapidly advancing Swedish contingent reached the people of Bremen, but their retreat was delayed because the soldiers on foot did not want to leave their booty behind.
  • November 1654: The First Stader Settlement is an agreement between the Kingdom of Sweden and the city of Bremen that ended the First Bremen-Swedish War on November 28, 1654. Parish Lehe and the rule (office) Bederkesa remained in Sweden. Blumenthal and Vegesack remained in Bremen.

    • 1.1.1.2.Second Swedish War on Bremen

    Was the second of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.

  • September 1666: In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army, which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops. By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.
  • November 1666: On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river. However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. […] The compromise stipulated that Bremen waived imperial immediacy until the end of the 17th century and could not take part in imperial diets. Of course, this was of no real importance to the city. This peace treaty put a heavy damper on Swedish military policy, and it was generally taken as a victory for Bremen.

    • 2. French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

    Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.

  • January 1807: After the imperial period, Bremen became the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 1806 and then in 1815 as a sovereign state in the German Confederation.
  • January 1811: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen is annexed to the First French Empire.

    • 2.1.War of the Sixth Coalition

    Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.

  • January 1814: Bremen reverted to an independent Free City in 1813.

    • 3. German Unification Wars

    Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.

    3.1.Franco-Prussian War

    Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

    3.1.1.Unification of Germany (1871)

    Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.

  • January 1871: Bremen became an autonomous state of the newly founded German Empire in 1871.

    • 4. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

  • January 1382: The Imperial city of Bremen acquires Bederkesa.

  • January 1828: In 1827 the state of Bremen bought a tract of land from the Kingdom of Hanover, where future Bremerhaven would be established.

    • Disestablishment

  • January 1871: Bremen became an autonomous state of the newly founded German Empire in 1871.

    • Selected Sources

  • Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
  • O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.

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