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Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
Chronology
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July 30, 1419 - May 30, 1434: a series of wars fought between the Christian Hussites and the combined Christian Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions.
July 1419: A series of wars fought between the Christian Hussites and the combined Christian Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions.
Autumn 1522 - 7 May 1523: a revolt by a number of Protestant and religious humanist German knights led by Franz von Sickingen, against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Emperor.
December 1522: Autumn 1522 – 7 May 1523: a revolt by a number of Protestant and religious humanist German knights led by Franz von Sickingen, against the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Emperor.
Was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.
January 1524: It was a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers.
Was a Swedish rebellion which took place in Dalarna in Sweden.
4.1.First Dalecarlian rebellion
A rebellion by the peasantry of Dalarna against the Swedish monarch, King Gustav Vasa. .
January 1524: The rebellions were conducted by the peasantry of Dalarna against the Swedish monarch, King Gustav Vasa. This was the first Dalecarlian Rebellion, happened in 1524-1525.
4.2.Second Dalecarlian rebellion
Was a which took place in Dalarna in Sweden.
January 1527: Second Dalecarlian Rebellion in 1527–1528.
4.3.Third Dalecarlian rebellion
Was a which took place in Dalarna in Sweden.
January 1531: The Third Dalecarlian Rebellion (also known as the Bell Rebellion) in 1531–1533.
Was an armed conflict in 1531 between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the Reformation in Switzerland.
November 1531: The peace that ended the war, the so-called Zweiter Landfrieden (Second Territorial Peace), caused the dissolution of the Protestant alliance. It also prioritized Catholicism in common territories, but allowed parishes or townships that had already converted to remain Protestant.
October 1531: As the Catholic cantons refused to help the Three Leagues (Drei Bünde) in the Grisons during the Musso war against the Duchy of Milan, Zürich promptly considered this a breach of contracts between the confederacy and the Three Leagues and declared an embargo against the five alpine Catholic cantons. Pressed by the food embargo, the Catholic cantons declared war on Zürich.
Was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a communal sectarian government in the German city of Münster, then part of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster in the Holy Roman Empire.
June 1535: Münster was retaken by the Prince Bishop.
May 1534: The city was under Anabaptist rule from February 1534, when the city hall was seized and Bernhard Knipperdolling installed as mayor, until its fall in June 1535.
May 1534 - 29 July 1536: was a war of succession that raged in Denmark in 1534-36 and brought about the Reformation in Denmark.
June 1534: May 1534 – 29 July 1536: was a war of succession that raged in Denmark and brought about the Reformation.
An armed rebellion by English Roman Catholics in Cumberland and Westmorland against King Henry VIII.
January 1537: 16 January — 10 February, 1537: an armed rebellion by English Roman Catholics in Cumberland and Westmorland against King Henry VIII.
A peasant uprising led by Nils Dacke in Småland, Sweden, in 1542 against the rule of Gustav Vasa. Dacke and his followers were dissatisfied with the heavy tax burden, the introduction of Lutheranism, and the confiscation of Church property.
January 1542: 1542-1543: a peasant uprising led by Nils Dacke in Småland, Sweden, in 1542 against the rule of Gustav Vasa. Dacke and his followers were dissatisfied with the heavy tax burden, the introduction of Lutheranism, and the confiscation of Church property. In 1543 the uprising was defeated, and Nils Dacke was killed.
Was a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire itself.
May 1547: In 1547, in the Wittenberg capitulation, the electoral district and electoral dignity fell to Duke Moritz of the Albertine line. This event marked the transfer of power from the Ernestine line of the Duchy of Saxony to the Albertine line, led by Duke Moritz.
May 1547: In 1547, in the Wittenberg capitulation, the electoral district and electoral dignity fell to Duke Moritz of the Albertine line. This event marked a significant shift in power within the Electorate of Saxony, as Duke Moritz took control from the Ernestine line of the Wettin dynasty.
10.1.Danube campaign (Schmalkaldic War)
Was a campaign of the Protestant Schmalkaldic league against the Imperial forces.
November 1546: The Saxon Elector Johann Friedrich then, after a lengthy argument with Landgrave Philipp, who first wanted to defeat the Emperor, withdrew his troops to Saxony on November 16th. The remaining Protestant army quickly disintegrated under the growing financial need.
July 1546: Schertlin's plan was to disrupt the imperial troop recruitment as early as possible and thus prevent the approaching troops from uniting with the emperor. For this purpose, the Protestant army gathered in southern Germany moved to Füssen and occupied the city on July 10, 1546.
April 1547: Because Konstanz refused to readopt traditional Catholic beliefs and practices, the city was punished with the loss of imperial freedom.
10.2.Saxony campaign
Was the theatre of war in Saxony of the Schmalkaldic War.
October 1547: At the end of October, Bohemian troops took Plauen in Vogtland.
6 June 1549 - 17 August 1549: a popular revolt in Devon and Cornwall in 1549. In that year, the Book of Common Prayer, presenting the theology of the English Reformation, was introduced. The change was widely unpopular - particularly in areas of still firmly Catholic religious loyalty.
June 1549: A popular revolt in Devon and Cornwall in 1549. In that year, the Book of Common Prayer, presenting the theology of the English Reformation, was introduced. The change was widely unpopular – particularly in areas of still firmly Catholic religious loyalty.
Were a series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants in France.
April 1562: March 1562 – March 1563: First War.
January 1568: 1568–1570: Third War.
October 1568: September 1567 – March 1568: Second War.
January 1572: 1572–1573: Fourth War.
January 1574: 1574–1576: Fifth War.
January 1576: 1576–1577: Sixth War.
January 1579: 1579–1580: Seventh War.
January 1587: 1587–1598: Eighth War.
Was the intermittent war of independence of the Dutch Republic, a breakaway state from the Spanish Netherlands. .
13.1.Dutch revolt and establishment of the Dutch Republic
Was the revolt of northern protestant regions of the Spanish Neterlands (the southern part was mainly Catholic) that led to the creation of the Dutch Republic.
13.1.1.Dutch Revolt
Was the revolt of the northern Spanish Netherland which later led to the formation of the Dutch Republic.
January 1573: Count Willem IV van den Bergh was a Dutch nobleman and military leader who fought alongside his brother-in-law, William of Orange, in the Eighty Years' War against Spanish rule. In 1572, he successfully captured the city of Zutphen from the Spanish forces, marking a significant victory for the Dutch rebels.
April 1572: The Dutch Rebels Captured the city of Brill on 1 April 1572.
July 1572: In 1572, Diederik Sonoy, a Dutch rebel leader, successfully persuaded the cities of Enkhuizen, Hoorn, Medemblik, Edam, Haarlem, and Alkmaar to defect to William of Orange's side during the Eighty Years' War against Spanish rule.
July 1572: Leiden, a city in the Netherlands, declared itself for William of Orange in a spontaneous revolt against Spanish rule in 1572.
January 1573: Cities in Gelderland and neighbouring Overijssel joined the Dutch revolt against Spain.
July 1573: The city of Haarlem was under siege by the Spanish forces led by the Duke of Alba. The defenders, including Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, held out for over six months before surrendering due to starvation. This event was part of the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch rebels and the Spanish Empire.
January 1575: Fall of Middelburg to the Dutch Rebels during the Eighty Years' War.
July 1579: In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht.
May 1572: Louis of Nassau, a Dutch nobleman and brother of William the Silent, led the Dutch Rebels in capturing Mons on May 24, 1572.
May 1572: The news of the capture of Brill by the Dutch Rebels, led by William the Silent, prompted the cities of Flushing and Veere to join the rebellion against Spanish rule on 3 May 1572. This marked a significant turning point in the Eighty Years' War for Dutch independence.
July 1572: In 1572, during the Eighty Years' War, the cities of Oudewater, Gouda, Gorinchem, and Dordrecht surrendered to Admiral Lumey, a Dutch rebel leader fighting against Spanish rule in the Netherlands. This marked a significant victory for the Dutch Rebels in their struggle for independence.
July 1572: Holland and Zeeland were in rebellion against Spanish rule. Amsterdam and Schoonhoven were the only major cities that remained loyal to the Spanish Crown.
April 1567: In March 1567 at the Battle of Oosterweel Calvinists under John of St. Aldegonde were defeated by a royalist army and all rebels summarily executed. In April 1567, Margaret reported to Philip that order had been restored.
June 1568: Louis of Nassau crossed into Groningen from East Friesland and defeated a small royalist force at Heiligerlee on 23 May 1568. Two months after, the Dutch rebels were smashed at the Battle of Jemmingen.
13.1.2.The Union of Utrecht
Was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands.
July 1581: The Spanish military leader Alexander Farnese, also known as the Duke of Parma, successfully captured the town of Breda.
January 1581: In 1580, the city of Groningen shifted its allegiance to the Union of Utrecht under the influence of George van Rennenberg, the stadtholder for Friesland. This decision was significant as it strengthened the Union of Utrecht's position in the region.
June 1584: Bruges conquered by spain.
July 1581: Minor Spanish reconquests from the rebel Dutch state in 1581.
January 1579: The treaty for the formation of the Union of Utrecht was signed by the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht (excluding some areas), and Groningen (excluding the city).
April 1585: Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands, surrendered to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
May 1579: Catholic Walloon provinces signed their own defensive Union of Arras on 6 January 1579. Grievances against Spain of Catholics who were becoming more and more concerned about Calvinist violence were satisfied and they could make a separate peace in the form of the Treaty of Arras in May 1579. All the cities of the union of arras that were still at war with spain renewed their allegiance to Spain.
January 1580: During the following months of 1579, other states signed the treaty as well, such as Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County).
March 1580: In February 1580, the cities of Lier and Bruges, along with the surrounding area, joined the Union of Utrecht.
July 1581: Part of the Spanish Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581.
January 1583: The Spanish captured the fortress city of Steenwijk.
January 1584: The cities of Dunkirk and Nieuwpoort fell to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
October 1584: Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County) conquered by spain.
September 1585: Antwerp was besieged and it surrendered to the Spanish in August.
September 1579: In 1579, the cities of Amersfoort, Ypres, Antwerp, Breda, and Brussels joined the Union of Utrecht, a treaty signed by the northern provinces of the Netherlands to oppose Spanish rule. This alliance was led by William the Silent, Prince of Orange, and played a crucial role in the Dutch Revolt against Spanish control.
July 1580: Spanish forces managed to capture most of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel.
May 1584: Ypres conquered by spain.
May 1580: In April 1580, Overijssel and Drenthe signed a treaty with the Union of Utrecht.
13.1.3.English Protectorate in the Netherlands
The Dutch rebels of the northern Spanish Netherlands became an English protectorate with the Treaty of Nonsuch, signed on 10 August 1585, as a measure of protection against Spain.
October 1587: English forces led by the Earl of Leicester (the English supported the Dutch Republic) occupied Gouda, Schoonhoven and a few other cities in September 1587.
February 1587: In January 1587, the English garrisons led by Sir John Norreys at Deventer and Zutphen were bribed to defect to Spain by the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Alexander Farnese. This marked a significant loss for the English forces in the region, as they also lost control of Zwolle, Arnhem, and Ostend to the Spanish.
August 1585: After the assassination of William of Orange on 10 July 1584, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general.
January 1588: The English protectorate in the Netherlands was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy.
13.1.4.Expansion of the Dutch Republic
Were a series of Dutch military actions during the Eighty Years' War that led to the expansion of the newly created Dutch Republic by conquering territories from the Spanish Netherlands.
January 1592: A campaign led by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg resulted in the conquest of Hulst and Nijmegen by the Dutch.
March 1590: The city of Breda was recaptured by the Dutch Republic from the Spanish Empire.
January 1606: In 1605, Oldenzaal, a city in the Dutch Republic, was captured by Maurice of Nassau from the Spanish Netherlands.
January 1592: In 1591, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, used his expanded army and innovative river transportation methods to conquer Zutphen and Deventer in the Netherlands, further expanding the territory of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
January 1605: In 1604, the stadtholders, Maurice of Nassau and Ambrosio Spinola, captured Spanish fortresses in Grave, Sluys, and Aardenburg.
January 1593: Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, joined his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in capturing the cities of Steenwijk and Coevorden in 1592.
January 1598: Maurice of Nassau first seized the fortress of Rheinberg, a strategic Rhine crossing, and subsequently Groenlo, Oldenzaal, and Enschede, before capturing the county of Lingen.
April 1609: A ceasefire was signed in Antwerp by Spain and the Dutch Republic, thus ending the Dutch Revolt starting the Twelve Years' Truce. Spain recognized the Dutch Republic with the borders of the current military situation.
January 1607: Lochem conquered by spain.
Was a military campaign by English King Henry VIII Tudor to restore English authority over Ireleand.
January 1608: Tudor conquest of Ireland.
14.1.First Desmond Rebellion
A rebellion in the Irish province of Munster led by the Earl of Desmond.
January 1569: 1569-1573: Rebellions by the Earl of Desmond, the head of the FitzGerald dynasty in Munster, and his followers, the Geraldines and their allies, against the threat of the extension of their South Welsh Tewdwr cousins of Elizabethan English government over the province. The rebellions were motivated primarily by the desire to maintain the independence of feudal lords from their monarch but also had an element of religious antagonism between Catholic Geraldines and the Protestant English state.
14.2.Second Desmond Rebellion
A rebellion in Ireland launched by the FitzGerald dynasty of Desmond in Munster against English rule.
July 1579: 18 July 1579 - 11 November 1583: was the more widespread and bloody of the two Desmond Rebellions in Ireland launched by the FitzGerald dynasty of Desmond in Munster against English rule.
14.3.Nine Years' War (Ireland)
Was a revolt in Ireland from 1593 to 1603 against English rule.
June 1593: May 1593 - 30 March 1603: sometimes called Tyrone's Rebellion, took place in Ireland and was fought between an Irish alliance(led mainly by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell) against English rule in Ireland, and was a response to the then-ongoing Tudor conquest of Ireland. The war was fought in all parts of the country, but mainly in the northern province of Ulster.
Was a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in the Electorate of Cologne.
January 1583: 1583–1588: war between catholics and protestants.
Was a conflict between Protestants and Catholics for control of the Bishopric of Strasbourg.
January 1592: 1592-1604: conflict between Protestants and Catholics for control of the Bishopric of Strasbourg.
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
January 1634: In 1633, the Duchy of Lorraine was occupied by France due to the hostile stance of its duke, Charles IV.
February 1661: The Peace of Vincennes in 1661 marked the end of the conflict between the Duchy of Lorraine and the Duchy of Upper Lotharingia. The French, under King Louis XIV, withdrew their forces from the territory as part of the peace agreement.
17.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
17.1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1618: On May 23rd, 1618, the Catholic emissaries of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II are thrown out of a window of Prague Castle. This event, called the "Defenestration of Prague", marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. Bohemia revolts against the Empire.
November 1618: On November 21, 1618 the city of Pilsen was taken by the Calvinist rebels. It was the first major battle of the Thirty Years' War, and the starting point of the Bohemian Revolt.
October 1620: A meeting of all Protestant princes in Nuremberg called by Frederick in December 1619 was only attended by members of the Protestant Union, while in March 1620 the Emperor was able to bind the Protestant princes who were loyal to the Emperor to himself. Electoral Saxony was promised Lusatia for its support. With the Ulm Treaty, the Catholic League and the Protestant Union concluded a non-aggression agreement, so that Friedrich could no longer expect any help. That is why in September the league army was able to invade Bohemia unhindered via Upper Austria.
November 1618: Battle of Lomnitz: The Bohemians defeat the Imperials commanded by the Count of Bucquoy.
June 1619: The Bohemian army under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn first forced the Moravian estates to join the uprising, then invaded the Austrian homelands of the Habsburgs and stood before Vienna on June 6, 1619.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy, a general in the Habsburg army, defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a leader of the Protestant rebels, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
October 1619: Bohemian attack on Vienna led by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.
October 1619: The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal Bucquoy is able to drive away Bohemian forces from Vienna.
November 1619: In 1619, Bohemian leader Heinrich Matthias von Thurn besieged Vienna.
July 1620: The Battle of White Mountain took place in 1620 near Vienna. The Imperial forces, led by Charles de Bucquoy, defeated the Bohemian and Palatine troops commanded by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn. This marked a significant victory for the Catholic Habsburgs in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1620: Saxon troops occupied Lusatia.
November 1620: Tilly and Bucquoy crush the Bohemian rebels at the Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) near Prague on November 8, 1620.
January 1621: After the Battle of the White Mountain, Beuthen reverted to Bohemia as a fief.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a key leader of the revolt, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
July 1619: The Bohemian Confederation was a treaty of alliance between the non-Catholic Estates of the Bohemian crown lands. It was formed in Prague on July 31, 1619. The Confederation regulated the state order of the Crown of Bohemia in a new way. The king, as the monarchical head of the group of countries, was largely deprived of power and governmental power was placed in the hands of the estates. Bohemia became an elective monarchy again. At the same time, the relationship between the communes was changed. The estates of the neighboring countries of Moravia, Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia were put on an equal footing with those of Bohemia. From then on they were allowed to take part in the election of the king. Protestantism was practically declared the state religion.
October 1619: Siege and capture of Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava) by the Bohemian rebels. It is a defeat of the imperial forces commanded by Rudolf von Tiefenbach by Gabriel Bethlen.
January 1621: Habsburg forces led by Charles de Bucquoy captured Karlštejn.
May 1621: The Imperials captured Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).
17.1.2.War in Palatinate
Was the theatre of war in Palatinate during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
August 1623: In 1623, in Palatinate, Frederick V of the Electoral Palatinate signed an armistice with Ferdinand II after Tilly defeated a Protestant army led by Christian of Brunswick in the Battle of Stadtlohn. This marked the end of the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1622: German Protestant military leader Christian of Brunswick captures Lippstadt.
September 1620: Ambrosio Spinola was a Spanish general who led the military occupation of the Left Rhine territories of the Palatinate in 1620. Spinola was known for his successful campaigns in Flanders and was tasked with expanding Spanish control in the region.
December 1621: German Protestant military leader Christian of Brunswick takes Amöneburg, not far from Mainz.
January 1622: Christian of Brunswick captures Soest.
September 1622: From the summer of 1622, the territories of the Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine were occupied by the troops of the Catholc League. Frederick V of the Palatinate eventually lost his electoral dignity on February 23, 1623, which was transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria.
September 1622: The Catholic League led by General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captured the Protestant city of Heidelberg.
November 1622: General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captures Mannheim.
June 1621: Frederick V, Elector Palatine and his wife Elizabeth Stuart withdrew to Flanders in the spring of 1621 after losing the Battle of White Mountain in the Left Rhine territories of the Palatinate.
January 1622: After the defeat of Elector Friedrich V in the Battle of Weißer Berg near Prague on November 8, 1620, the Upper Palatinate was occupied by Bavaria in 1621, re-catholicized and annexed in 1628.
17.1.3.War in Netherlands
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1625: In June 1625, after a siege of almost a year, the Dutch city of Breda was forced to surrender.
17.2.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
17.2.1.War of Valtellina
Was a war over the control of Valtellina (today in northern Italy) mainly between Spain and France.
January 1638: In 1637, Jürg Jenatsch, a Protestant leader in the Grisons region, converted to Catholicism and led a revolt against the Duke of Rohan and the French, resulting in their expulsion from Valtellina and other Grisons lands.
August 1620: The Grisons were forced to retreat north of the Alps and the Valtellina was militarily invaded by the Spaniards.
January 1636: In 1631 the French organized a new military campaign, aimed at driving the Spaniards out of Valtellina, which was to be returned to the Three Leagues. In 1635 the Catholic Spaniards were finally driven out.
17.2.2.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
April 1631: Savoy had to leave the fortress of Pinerolo to France in exchange for the withdrawal of the troops.
June 1628: Charles-Emmanuel laid siege to Casale, the capital of Montferrat, in 1628. This led to tensions and conflicts over territorial control in the region.
June 1628: In the spring of 1628 the Savoy army occupied Trino, Alba and Moncalvo, the cities of Monferrato assigned to them by the Treaty of partition.
March 1629: In March 1629, the French forces led by King Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse, allowing them to lift the siege of Casale in the Duchy of Mantova. This marked a significant victory for the French in the ongoing conflict in Italy.
March 1629: Pinerolo conquered by france.
January 1630: In 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II sent a Landsknecht army to besiege Mantua. Charles left without the promised support from Louis XIII of France. The siege lasted until July 1630, when the city, already struck by a plague, was brutally put to the sack for three days and three nights by troops led by Count Aldringen and Gallas.
April 1631: Peace of Cherasco on 6 April 1631: Ferdinand II recognized Charles of Nevers as the legitimate successor of Vincent II, who however had to cede to Victor Amadeus I, new duke of Savoy who succeeded his father after the latter's death, many lands of Monferrato (in particular Trino and Alba).
April 1631: Cesare II Gonzaga, duke of Guastalla and son of Ferrante, obtained Luzzara and Reggiolo.
October 1630: On October 13, 1630, with the treaty of Regensburg, Ferdinand II (now under the threat of the Swedish invasion) and the French ambassadors agreed for the recognition of the succession of Charles of Nevers, the cession of Pinerolo and Casale to Spain and the French commitment not to enter into anti-Habsburg alliances.
January 1631: The military occupation of Mantua ended in 1630, as Ferdinand II had to focus on the war in Germany.
17.2.3.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
May 1636: The French army besiege Dole.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
April 1639: La Chaux conquered by france.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois, led by Henri de Montmorency, returned home to Oyonnax, abandoning most of their conquests in the region.
August 1636: As troops from the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Charles IV of Lorraine, were approaching Dole, the Prince of Condé ordered the French army to end the siege of Dole and retreat.
March 1637: On March 29, 1637, the town of Saint-Amour in the bailiwick of Aval was besieged by the Duke of Longueville, despite a week's resistance from its inhabitants. The town falls into the hands of the French, along with several other surrounding villages.
September 1639: After the death of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1639, the Marquis de Saint-Martin, a French military leader, took over the territories of Nozeroy, Château-Vilain, and the Château de La Chaux.
April 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Count of Guébriant, a French military commander, seized Château-Vilain from the Spanish forces.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois forces, led by French military leader Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, won the battles of Martignat and captured Oyonnax. However, due to a lack of sufficient troops, they were unable to hold onto the territory, which ultimately fell to the Spanish Netherlands.
17.2.4.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
March 1644: In February 1644, the Swedish General Gustav Horn with an army of 11,000 men occupied much of the Danish provinces of Halland and Scania, except for the fortress town of Malmø.
August 1645: Second Treaty of Brömsebro.
January 1644: By the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in possession of Swedish troops.
17.3.Bündner Wirren
Was a war in in what is now the Swiss canton of Graubünden that started as a revolt by local Catholics against their Protestant overlords.
September 1639: On 24 January 1639, Jürg Jenatsch was killed. On 3 September 1639 the Leagues agreed with Spain to bring the Valtellina back under League sovereignty, but with the promise to respect the free exercise of the Catholic faith. Treaties with Austria in 1649 and 1652, brought the Müstair and Lower Engadine valleys back under the authority of the Three Leagues.
January 1628: In 1627, the French forces, led by Cardinal Richelieu, withdrew from Valtellina, a valley in northern Italy. The Papal troops, under the command of Pope Urban VIII, then occupied the territory as part of the ongoing power struggle in the region.
February 1622: In January 1622, Graubünden had to cede the Müstair, the Lower Engadine, and Prättigau valleys to the Swiss Associate Territories.
October 1621: Emboldened by the murder of Pompeius Planta, the Protestant forces in the Three Leagues assembled an army to retake the Valtellina and other subject lands. This attempted invasion gave the Spanish and Austrians an excuse to invade the Leagues. By the end of October, Spain and Austria had occupied all of Graubunden.
March 1626: The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina.
January 1623: The Prättigau valley rebelled against the Austrians and drove them out of the valley. The Austrians invaded the valley twice more, attempting to reimpose the Catholic faith, in 1623-24.
January 1629: 1629-1631.
17.4.First Genoese-Savoyard War
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
November 1625: By October the Republic of genoa recuperated all the territories lost to the French (with the exception of the castle of La Penna) and additionally conquered Oneglia, Ormea, and a number of localities in Piedmont.
September 1625: In 1625, the Republic of Genoa, led by the Doge Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale, marched against Casale, reclaiming the territories of Gavi and Novi from the Duchy of Savoy.
March 1625: French forces led by the Duke of Lesdiguières stormed the towns of Capriata, Novi, and Rossiglione in Italy.
September 1625: In 1625, the Spanish army occupied Acqui, a town in Italy.
March 1625: The French formed a 30,000-strong army that began operations against Genoa in February 1625. The attack caught the Genoese Republic unprepared. Most of the Republic was overrun.
March 1625: The French captured Voltaggio.
November 1625: In 1625, the Lérins Islands, including Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat, were conquered by the Spanish army. The islands are known for their historical significance, including being the location where the Man in the Iron Mask was imprisoned.
November 1625: Albenga is occupied by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1627: In 1626, the territory of Albenga returned to the Republic of Genoa.
17.4.1.Treaty of Monzón
Was a treaty that ended the Veltellina War and the Ligurian theatre of War of the Thirty Years' War.
March 1637: The Spanish retained Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat until they were reconquered by the French admiral Philippe de Poincy.
17.5.Danish Period
Was the second main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Denmark.
May 1629: In 1629 Denmark signed the Peace of Lübeck with the Catholic League and withdrew from the war. The treaty restored to Christian IV of Denmark his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and not to interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.
September 1627: In the summer of 1627, Wallenstein advanced into northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula in just a few weeks. Only the Danish islands remained unoccupied by the Imperialists because they had no ships.
April 1625: The Danish king occupied the towns of Verden and Nienburg, which belonged to the Lower Rhine-Westphalian imperial district.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, defeated the Protestant armies in the Battle of Lutter. This victory allowed them to conquer the Lutheran Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Westphalian Prince-Bishopric of Verden, threatening the Calvinist city of Bremen.
August 1626: In 1626, during the Thirty Years' War, the Catholic League forces, led by Tilly and Wallenstein, conquered the Lutheran Prince-Bishopric of Verden in the Holy Roman Empire. This victory allowed them to threaten the Calvinist city of Bremen and expand their control in the region.
17.6.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1635: The Spaniards recapture Trier from the French.
April 1632: The French military under the command of Marshal Urbain de Maillé-Brézé occupied the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein in 1632 as part of their campaign in the Rhineland.
August 1632: Occupation of Trier by the French.
December 1632: Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin take Deutz.
July 1630: Gustav Adolf led his army to Usedom, a strategic island in the Baltic Sea.
December 1631: Gustav Adolf II of Sweden crosses the Rhine with his army and besieges Mainz.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
March 1633: The Swedish troops of Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg capture the city of Hameln.
November 1633: The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar capture Ratisbon (today known as Regensburg).
May 1632: The Swedes arrive in Landshut but are defeated by the Imperial troops led by John of Werth of May, 14th 1632.
November 1632: Withdrawal of the Wallenstein army to winter quarters in Saxony, Gustav Adolf was forced to stand by the allied Saxons.
September 1633: The Swedes take Osnabrück.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
July 1630: In 1630, Stettin was occupied by the Swedes.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
May 1631: In the Thirty Years' War, Magdeburg was conquered by imperial troops under the commander Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, of the Catholic League on May 20, 1631 (May 10 according to the Julian calendar).
June 1631: The city of Magdeburg was conquered by the Catholic League troops under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, during the Thirty Years' War in May 1631. The city had been under siege for months before its fall.
September 1631: The Catholic League led by General Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, captured the fortress of Pleißenberg near Leipzig.
September 1631: On September 17, 1631, the Swedish army under Gustav Adolf met the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld north of Leipzig.
November 1631: Capture of Prague by the Saxon army under Hans Georg von Arnim.
May 1632: The Swedish army, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, captured Munich.
May 1632: In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, the military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein, who was a prominent general in the Habsburg army, besieged and captured the city of Prague.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
August 1632: The Dutch forces, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, successfully captured the city of Maastricht from the Spanish occupiers in 1632.
December 1632: Swedes had to retreat from Deutz after a powerful counterattack.
March 1633: Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, as the German imperial prince, was able to achieve a leading position. He occupied Bamberg in February 1633.
April 1633: Count Peter Melander of Holzappel's Hessians take Paderborn.
December 1633: The lack of payment of wages led to mutinies among the soldiers, causing delays in the swedish conquest of Regensburg until November 1633.
June 1634: Conquest of Philippsburg by Sweden.
June 1634: In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, Donauwörth was taken by the Imperial Army led by Johann von Aldringen.
July 1634: The Catholic League, led by Johann von Aldringen, successfully recaptured the city of Regensburg from the Swedes in July 1634. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, as the territory was then handed over to the Duchy of Bavaria.
April 1633: The Swedish army captured Landsberg am Lech.
December 1631: Mainz conquered by sweden.
17.6.1.Peace of Prague
Was a treaty during the Thirt Years' War that ended the war between Catholics and Protestants.
May 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Electoral Saxony (ruled by the Albertines) gained control of four administrative offices in the territory of Magdeburg. This transfer of power was part of the territorial realignment that occurred as a result of the war.
May 1635: According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg.
17.7.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
May 1648: In 1648 the bishopric of Verden was finally secularised as a result of the Peace of Westphalia. It became a principality and was transferred to the Swedish crown, whereby the existence of the Stift and the bishopric came to an end. It lasted from 1648 to 1712, with a break from 1675 to 1679, ruled together in personal union with the territory of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (formally the Duchy of Bremen and Principality of Verden) with their capital in Stade.
October 1648: In 1648, a French expedition led by Sir du Mé annexed Îles des Saintes.
17.7.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
October 1640: When 14 regiments arrived to reinforce the imperial army at the end of September 1640, the Swedish army left the territories it occupied in Germany (with the exception of Pomerania).
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
April 1639: The Battle of Chemnitz took place during the Thirty Years' War, with the Swedes led by Field Marshal Johan Banér. Pirna, a town in Saxony, was occupied by the Swedish forces after their victory.
August 1640: In 1640, the Swedes led by field marshal Banér moved through Thuringia via Saalfeld into Hesse and further near the town of Fritzlar, which was reached on August 31, 1640.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
January 1644: In 1643, during the Torstensson War, Swedish forces occupied Jutland as part of their military campaign against Denmark.
January 1635: In 1634, Schorndorf was occupied by Sweden.
January 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Philippsburg was recaptured from the Swedes by Imperial troops led by the Spanish general Ottavio Piccolomini.
September 1635: Imperials under Matthias Gallas liberate Swedish-occupied Schorndorf (east of Stuttgart).
October 1636: The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War near the town of Wittstock on October 4, 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
January 1643: In 1642 Moravia was the target of the Swedish campaign. The Swedes conquered Olomouc.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
February 1645: The victory of Jankau in 1645 was achieved by Swedish military leader Lennart Torstensson during the Thirty Years' War. This triumph allowed Sweden to advance towards Vienna, a key strategic objective in the conflict.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
17.7.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1637: Lens is annexed by the Kingdom of France.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
October 1637: Breda, a city in the southern Netherlands, surrendered to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, after a six-month siege in 1637. This victory was a significant achievement for the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in their ongoing struggle against the Spanish Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War.
June 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the French army led by Marshal Chatillon successfully captured the town of Hesdin in northern France after a failed attempt at Saint-Omer.
October 1646: Siege of Dunkirk.
May 1635: Battle of Les Avins.
August 1636: In July 1647, Archduke Leopold, brother of the Emperor and Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands, recaptured Landrecies from the Kingdom of France. The stronghold had been conquered by the French eleven years earlier.
August 1640: Arras conquered by france.
October 1641: During the spring of 1641 and until September 1641, other Spanish strongholds, such as Aire-sur-la-Lys, Lens, Bapaume and La Bassée, fell to the French military occupation led by King Louis XIII and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu.
August 1643: The siege of Thionville in 1643 was led by French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, against the Spanish-held city.
August 1648: Archduke Leopold William of Habsburg captured Lens.
17.7.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
November 1636: During the Thirty Years' War, the frontier fortress of Corbie was recaptured by the French popular army led by Cardinal Richelieu in November 1636.
July 1636: On July 14, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was in the service of France, occupied the Alsatian town of Saverne.
July 1644: The imperials took Freiburg.
April 1638: Freiburg conquered by france.
September 1636: French forces occupy La Capelle.
August 1645: French general Mercy and the Duc d'Enghien defeated the Imperial army at the Second Battle of Nördlingen on August 3.
December 1638: France occupies Breisach.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
July 1636: French conquest of Landrecies.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
September 1635: Jean de Werth takes over Heidelberg and then Speyer for the Imperials.
August 1636: Maubeuge conquered by france.
August 1636: Spanish and Bavarian troops, commanded by Cardinal-Infant and Jean de Werth, occupy the French fortress of Corbie.
January 1637: Franche Comté conquered by france.
January 1637: Bohain conquered by france.
March 1638: France occupies Neuenburg.
May 1644: Franz von Mercy, a Bavarian general who fought for the Holy Roman Empire, conquers Überlingen.
June 1637: The Imperial general John of Werth successfully forced the French troops to evacuate the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein near Koblenz.
17.7.4.Spanish Front (France)
Was the Spanish front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1646: The French army besieged the city of Lérida from May 12, 1646.
October 1642: Marshal de Lamothe was forced to evacuate Catalonia despite his success on October 7 against the Spaniards of Leganez at the Battle of Lérida.
May 1647: The Siege of Lérida in 1647 was a military campaign led by the French under the command of Grand Condé against the Spanish defenders. Despite the initial attack on May 12, the French were unable to capture the territory, resulting in a failed siege.
June 1647: The French siege of Barcelona, led by French military leader Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, was lifted on June 17, 1647. This marked a significant victory for the Catalan forces and their allies in the ongoing conflict between France and the Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
November 1646: The Siege of Lérida ended on November 22, 1646. The French army left Catalonia.
May 1641: The unsuccessful siege of Lérida in 1641 was led by Louis II de Bourbon, also known as Condé, a French military leader. The city was under Spanish occupation at the time, and the siege lasted from May 12 to June 17.
January 1637: In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, Spain seized Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a strategic town in the Southwest of France.
September 1638: In 1638 the French army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Hondarribia in Fontarrabie, Basque Country. As a result, the territory fell under Spanish military occupation.
January 1641: Catalonia recognizes Louis XIII of France as Count of Barcelona and Roussillon. France sends an army, commanded by Lamothe to take possession of the new province. Several places are taken and the siege is put in front of Tarragona which is also blocked by the French fleet commanded by the Archbishop of Sourdis.
September 1642: Siege of Perpignan.
17.7.5.Italian Front (Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War)
Was the north Italian front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1641: In 1640, Savoy, ruled by Duke Charles Emmanuel II, fell under French military occupation.
September 1640: The French military leader Turenne captured the city of Turin, located in the Duchy of Savoy.
17.8.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Further Pomerania was assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia who held the rights for inheritance (Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)). Hither Pomerania stayed with the Swedish Empire and henceforth became known as Swedish Pomerania. The border was settled in the Treaty of Stettin (1653).
January 1649: Marstetten was devastated during the Thirty Years' War. Its territoriy became de facto part of Bavaria.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Landau is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: Borders of the Duchy of Savoy at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: France retained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except for Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
October 1648: In 1648, the imperial city of Weissenburg was made part of France as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: At the end of the Thirty Years' War, several territories in Alsace were annexed by France.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Münster is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: The region of Saarwerden returned to the Nassau-Saarbrücken line except Bockenheim.
January 1649: The Schwerin Prince-Bishopric is secularised as Principality for Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
October 1648: Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of Bavaria.
October 1648: Borders of the Dutch Republic at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: The Minden Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: In 1648, the territory of Hagenau was ceded to the Kingdom of France as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
January 1649: Borders at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: Walkenried Abbey is secularised and suppressed.
January 1649: In 1648, the territory of Bisanz (modern-day Besancon) was transferred to the Spanish Netherlands as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
January 1649: Genova gave Pontremoli back to Spain.
January 1649: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: The Ratzeburg Prince-Bishopric is disestablished.
October 1648: The Murbach Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: Fortress of Klis (Clissa) returned in venetian hands.
October 1648: The Halberstadt Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: Schlettstadt is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: In the 18th century, the Counts of Stolberg-Wernigerode, who were directly under the Empire, had to subordinate their territories to the Kingdom of Prussia and the Electorate of Hanover, while the Counts of Stolberg-Stolberg and the Counts of Stolberg-Roßla had to subordinate the County of Stolberg, which was divided between them, to the Electorate of Saxony.
January 1649: The Münster Prince-Bishopric fell to Sweden.
January 1651: Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Pfirt was to fall as Comté de Ferrette to the Kingdom of France, which finally took possession of the county in 1650.
Were a series of intertwined conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a Unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.
May 1659: The Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by Richard Cromwell.
January 1650: The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland.
April 1654: In 1654, under the rule of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the Ordinance for uniting Scotland with England was issued, leading to the creation of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
18.1.Irish Confederate Wars
Was the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a series of civil wars in the Kingdoms of Ireland, England and Scotland - all ruled by Charles I.
November 1642: Irish Catholic upper classes and clergy formed the Catholic Confederation in May 1642.
June 1642: Siege of Limerick.
September 1647: Cashel is acquired by the Kingdom of Ireland (Great Britain).
September 1642: The people of Galway were now solidly on the Irish Confederate side.
March 1645: Siege of Bangalore.
18.1.1.Irish Rebellion of 1641
The revolt began as an attempted coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for Catholics. The coup failed and the rebellion developed into an ethnic conflict between Irish Catholics on one side, and English and Scottish Protestants on the other.
October 1641: 23 October 1641 - May 1642: began as an attempted coup d'état by Irish Catholic gentry, who tried to seize control of the English administration in Ireland to force concessions for Catholics. The coup failed and the rebellion developed into an ethnic conflict between Irish Catholics on one side, and English and Scottish Protestants on the other.
18.1.2.Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
Was the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
April 1650: Early in 1650, Monro agreed to evacuate Enniskillen.
May 1650: Siege of Clonmel.
September 1649: Siege of Drogheda.
November 1649: Battle of Arklow.
March 1650: Siege of Kilkenny.
August 1650: Siege of Tecroghan.
August 1650: Siege of Charlemont.
October 1649: Sack of Wexford.
October 1650: Battle of Meelick Island.
December 1649: Carrickfergus surrendered on 13 December.
June 1650: Siege of Pyongyang.
October 1651: Siege of Limerick.
May 1650: Battle of Macroom.
May 1652: Siege of Galway.
June 1650: Battle of Scarrifholis.
July 1651: Battle of Knocknaclashy.
18.2.First English Civil War
Was a civil war in England and Wales that opposed the Royalists (that believed in the in the superiority of the king over the parliament) and the Parliamentarians (that wanted a constitutional monarchy). The war was won by the Parliamentarians who imposed a constitutional monarchy on king Charles I. The refusal of the king to make concession caused the Second English Civil War.
May 1643: Battle of Stratton.
July 1643: Battle of Burton Bridge.
September 1645: Battle of Philiphaugh.
February 1646: Battle of Torrington.
July 1646: Siege of Waterford.
August 1642: In 1642, Charles I declared war on Parliament, sparking the English Civil War.
October 1642: King Charles I was greeted by cheering crowds as he arrived in Oxford.
November 1642: Prince Rupert swept down the Thames Valley, capturing Abingdon, Aylesbury and Maidenhead.
December 1642: Storming of Farnham Castle.
January 1643: Battle of Braddock Down.
April 1643: Siege of Jerusalem.
July 1643: Cromwell rode into Gainsborough.
December 1643: Second Battle of Middlewich.
January 1644: Battle of Nantwich.
May 1644: Siege of Lincoln.
May 1644: Bolton massacre.
July 1644: York is besieged by the Parlamentarians.
October 1644: Siege of Myitkyina.
February 1645: Battle of Weymouth.
June 1645: The Royalist forces surrendered at Truro in Cornwall.
September 1645: Battle of Rowton Heath.
November 1645: Siege of Basing House.
December 1645: Siege of Lathom House.
February 1646: Siege of Chester.
May 1646: The Parlamentarians captured Exeter and Barnstaple in April.
March 1647: Harlech Castle in Wales held out until 13 March 1647 but then surrendered to the Parlamentarians.
May 1643: The Parlamentarians captured Wakefield.
July 1643: After a three-day siege, Gainsborough surrendered to the Royalists.
June 1645: Leicester was recovered by Parliament.
September 1642: Siege of Portsmouth.
September 1642: Battle of Powick Bridge.
January 1643: Battle of Leeds.
April 1643: Siege of Reading.
April 1644: Battle of Selby.
May 1645: Battle of Auldearn.
June 1645: Siege of Carlisle (1644).
July 1645: Great Siege of Scarborough Castle.
December 1642: Fairfax was defeated at the Battle of Tadcaster on 6 December and both Leeds and Pontefract Castle were captured.
September 1644: Battle of Aberdeen (1644).
October 1642: After the Battle of Edgehill, King Charles I captured Banbury.
December 1642: Battle of Tadcaster.
January 1644: Siege of Arundel.
April 1644: Siege of Wardour Castle.
June 1644: Battle of Oswestry.
February 1645: Battle of Inverlochy.
May 1645: The Royalists stormed the Parliamentarian town of Leicester.
July 1645: Battle of Alford.
July 1645: Battle of Langport.
September 1645: Siege of Bristol.
January 1646: Fall of Hereford in December 1645.
April 1646: Siege of High Ercall Hall.
June 1646: Siege of Newark.
July 1646: Siege of Oxford.
December 1642: Siege of Chichester.
November 1642: Royalist forces sacked Brentford.
September 1644: Battle of Tippermuir.
August 1645: Battle of Kilsyth.
July 1643: Storming of Bristol.
18.3.Second English Civil War
Was a civil war in England and Wales that opposed the Royalists (that believed in the in the superiority of the king over the parliament) and the Parliamentarians (that wanted a constitutional monarchy). The war was won by the Parliamentarians who executed king Charles I and established the English Commonwealth.
January 1648: With backing from English Presbyterians, in December 1647, the Scottish Engagers agreed to restore Charles to the English throne.
August 1648: Battle of Preston.
March 1648: Early march - 8 may 1648: Royalist revolt.
May 1648: 21 may - 5 september 1648: On 21 May 1648, Kent rose in revolt in the King's name.
18.4.Third English Civil War
Was a war between the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of Scotland that result in the inglobation of Scotland into the Commonwealth.
18.4.1.Incoronation of Charles II
Charles II, son of the executed king Charles I, was crowned King in Scotland.
June 1650: Charles II landed in Scotland at Garmouth in Morayshire on 23 June 1650 and signed the 1638 National Covenant and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant shortly after coming ashore.
18.4.2.English invasion of Scotland
Was the invasion of Scotland by the English Commonwealth in the Third English Civil War.
July 1651: On 30 July 1651, the English Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, marched upon Perth during the Third English Civil War.
August 1651: Monck took Stirling on 14 August.
July 1650: In 1650, during the Third English Civil War, the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, conducted military operations around Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. The city was under the control of the Royalists, who were loyal to King Charles II. The Parliamentarians eventually captured Edinburgh, securing their control over Scotland.
August 1650: After the Battle of Dunbar in 1650, Oliver Cromwell retreated to Musselburgh in Scotland. The Royalists, led by Charles II, had defeated Cromwell's forces, forcing him to regroup in Musselburgh before eventually launching a successful counterattack.
December 1650: In 1650, during the Third English Civil War, Edinburgh Castle surrendered to the forces of Oliver Cromwell, leader of the Parliamentarians.
July 1651: Burntisland, a town in Scotland, surrendered to John Lambert, a prominent military leader of the Parliamentarians, on 29 July 1651 during the English Civil War.
July 1651: Battle of Inverkeithing.
September 1651: Scotland conquered by Parlamentarians.
December 1650: In 1650, during the Third English Civil War, Edinburgh Castle surrendered to the forces of Oliver Cromwell, leader of the Parliamentarians.
18.4.3.Royalist Invasion of England
Was the invasion of England by the Kingdom of Scotland in the Third English Civil War.
August 1651: Battle of Warrington Bridge (1651).
September 1651: Battle of Worcester.
Was a military conflict over the status of church property in the duchies Jülich and Berg between the Palatinate and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
July 1651: In June 1651, 3,800 Brandenburg troops led by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invaded Berg, which was ruled by Wolfgang Wilhelm, Duke of Berg. The invasion resulted in the death of two civilians, the bombardment of Wolfgang Wilhelm's palace, and the seizure of his wife's cows. The Brandenburg troops then established an encampment at Angermund as part of Prussia's military occupation of the territory.
November 1651: In 1651, during the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Neuburg and Brandenburg had disbanded their troops in the occupied regions, which then went under the control of the Archbishopric of Cologne.
November 1651: In 1651, during the Thirty Years' War, Neuburg and Brandenburg, led by Wolfgang Wilhelm, Duke of Neuburg, and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, respectively, disbanded their troops in the occupied regions, which then came under military occupation by Kurpfalz.
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
20.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
June 1658: Siege of Dunkirk.
November 1651: Barcelona fell to Catalan rebels supported by France.
November 1659: The English received Dunkirk.
November 1652: Spain recaptured Barcelona in October 1652.
November 1659: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659), France gained French Flanders (Artois) and minor territories on the rhineland (f.e. thionville). The northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was also transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
January 1654: After fighting in Rousillon, the French retreated to the Pyrenees.
20.2.Swedish Wars on Bremen
Were two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
20.2.1.First Swedish War on Bremen
Was the first of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
May 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders, led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel, invaded the Bremen area.
May 1654: Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatized part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden. In early May 1654, the Swedes attacked the Bremen exclave of Bederkesa. The small garrison of only 40 men stationed in the castle there had to capitulate on May 8th.
July 1654: In July 1654, the people of Bremen, led by Gerhard vor dem Keller, captured Verden with 600 men, three cavalry companies, and two guns.
June 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders invaded the Bremen area during the Thirty Years' War. They engaged in a skirmish at the Steinturm am Dobben, which was part of the upstream Landwehr defenses in the east of the city.
July 1654: In mid-July, a Bremen contingent of around 1,000 men sailed down the Weser in ships, invaded the Land of Wursten and forced the residents there to contribute.
November 1654: The First Stader Settlement is an agreement between the Kingdom of Sweden and the city of Bremen that ended the First Bremen-Swedish War on November 28, 1654. Parish Lehe and the rule (office) Bederkesa remained in Sweden. Blumenthal and Vegesack remained in Bremen.
June 1654: The Bremeners recaptured Vegesack and took 83 prisoners there.
July 1654: In the meantime, Königsmarck had gathered 1,700 men under Carl Gustav Wrangel near Verden in order to intercept the retreating Bremen troops. News of the rapidly advancing Swedish contingent reached the people of Bremen, but their retreat was delayed because the soldiers on foot did not want to leave their booty behind.
20.2.2.Second Swedish War on Bremen
Was the second of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
September 1666: In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army, which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops. By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.
November 1666: On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river. However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. […] The compromise stipulated that Bremen waived imperial immediacy until the end of the 17th century and could not take part in imperial diets. Of course, this was of no real importance to the city. This peace treaty put a heavy damper on Swedish military policy, and it was generally taken as a victory for Bremen.
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
21.1.Treaty of Breda
Was the treaty that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
21.2.English occupation of French Guyana
French Guyana was occupied by England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
22.1.Rhineland Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Rhineland Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
October 1688: The French besiege Philippsburg.
December 1688: The French army occupies Frankenthal.
June 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
September 1689: In 1689, during the Nine Years' War, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, cleared away the French threat on Frankfurt and besieged Mainz, which was under the control of the Mainz Archbishopric. The Marquis of Huxelles surrendered the town on September 8 after a two-month siege.
November 1688: Louis XIV's army proceeded to take Mannheim, which capitulated.
January 1689: Several towns fell to the French without resistance, including Oppenheim, Worms, Bingen, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, Speyer and, above all, the key fortress of Mainz.
March 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
May 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
May 1693: Heidelberg fell on 22 May 1693 during the Nine Years' War, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1697.
22.2.Asia and the Caribbean (Nine Years' War)
Were battles that took place in Asia and in the Caribbean during the Nine Years' War.
September 1693: In 1693 the Dutch launched an expedition against their French commercial rivals at Pondichéry on the south-eastern coast of India; the small garrison under François Martin was overwhelmed and surrendered on 6 September.
August 1689: The French sieged English Governor Thomas Hill's troops at Fort Charles, forcing their to surrender.
22.3.Williamite War in Ireland
Was a war between supporters of James II and his successor, William III. It resulted in a Williamite victory.
July 1690: Battle of the Boyne.
November 1690: The Kingdom of Great Britain captured the southern ports of Cork and Kinsale in October 1690 thereby confining French and Jacobite troops to the west of the country.
August 1689: Siege of Carrickfergus.
June 1691: Athlone conquered by netherlands.
July 1691: D'Usson succeeded as overall commander: he surrendered Galway.
22.4.King William's War
Was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was a significant conflict during King William's War between New France, led by Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, and Massachusetts Bay, under the command of Sir William Phips. The outcome of the battle resulted in a victory for New France, solidifying their control over the territory of Quebec City.
May 1690: The British captured Port Royal (in Nova Scotia), then the capital of Acadia.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was led by French Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac and English General Sir William Phips. It resulted in a victory for the French, defending the city against the English invasion during King William's War.
August 1696: The siege of the English settlement of Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) by French and Native forces from New France ended on August 14-15, 1696.
July 1690: Joseph Robineau de Villebon, one of Meneval's assistants, returned to Port Royal from France in June, and reestablished French authority.
August 1696: The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine).
22.5.Pyrenean Theatre
Was the Pyrenean Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
August 1697: In 1697, during the War of the Grand Alliance, French forces led by Vendôme, with troops from Italy, captured Barcelona in Catalonia. The garrison, commanded by Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, surrendered on 10 August.
June 1693: The French led by Noailles secured the valuable seaport of Rosas in Catalonia.
June 1694: Gerona conquered by france.
June 1694: Hostalric conquered by france.
May 1690: The French forces, led by Marshal Noailles, successfully took control of the town of Camprodon in Catalonia, Spain.
September 1690: In 1690, a large Spanish army led by the Duke of Villahermosa forced the French to retreat back to Roussillon in August.
June 1694: The French proceeded to take Palamós on 10 June.
22.6.Italian Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Italian Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
January 1692: In 1691, during the Nine Years' War, the Allies led by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Prince Eugene of Savoy recaptured Carmagnola from the French forces. This victory was a significant turning point in the war in northern Italy.
July 1695: Casale (Casal Monferrato) surrendered to Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, in 1695.
September 1690: While to the south in Piedmont, Nicolas Catinat led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August. Catinat immediately took Saluzzo, followed by Savigliano, Fossano, and Susa.
July 1691: Carmagnola fell to French forces in June 1691.
April 1691: Villefranche and Niche conquered by france.
January 1691: In 1690 Saint-Ruth took most of the Victor Amadeus II's exposed Duchy of Savoy, routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of Montmélian remained in ducal hands.
January 1691: Lacking sufficient troops, and with sickness rife within his army, Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the Alps for the winter.
January 1691: Carmagnola is conquered by France.
August 1692: Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men (substantially exceeding Catinat's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois. The Allies invested Embrun, which capitulated on 15 August.
October 1692: With their commander falling ill with smallpox, and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable, the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September.
22.6.1.Treaty of Turin
Was a treaty that ended the involvement of the Duchy of Savoy in the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: With the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696, Louis XIV returned Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche, Susa, and other small towns to Savoy. The French, concluding that the defence of Pinerolo was not possible, also agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished.
22.7.Low Countries Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Low Countries Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
June 1692: In 1692, during the Nine Years' War, the French military under the command of Vauban invested the stronghold of Namur on 29 May. The town fell quickly, but the citadel, defended by the Dutch military engineer Menno van Coehoorn, held out until 30 June.
July 1693: The French took Huy.
May 1691: Luxembourg, a French military commander, captured the city of Halle in present-day Belgium at the end of May.
April 1691: The French army captured Mons in the Spanish Netherlands.
October 1693: In 1693, during the Nine Years' War, the French military leaders Luxembourg and Vauban captured Charleroi on 10 October. This victory, along with earlier conquests of Mons, Namur, and Huy, strengthened France's defensive position in the region.
September 1694: In 1694, during the Nine Years' War, the French Marshal Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies from garrisoning Dixmude and recapturing Huy in the Liege Prince-Bishopric.
September 1695: Loss of Namur.
June 1697: French forces besieged the city of Ath in present-day Belgium. The siege ended with the city falling under French military occupation.
22.8.South American theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the South American Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1697: During the War of the Grand Alliance, French privateer Baron de Pointis, along with French Admiral Jean du Casse, led an attack on the Spanish city of Cartagena de Indias in 1697. They plundered the city, looting valuables worth ten to twenty million livres.
May 1697: Raid on Cartagena was a successful attack by the French on the fortified city of Cartagena de Indias, as part of the War of the Grand Alliance.
22.9.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick: Status quo ante bellum, Savoiard forces leave the regions occupied in the Duchy of Mantova.
September 1697: The Dutch handed back Pondichéry in India to the french.
October 1697: In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick, which divided Hispaniola between them. France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo, the Spanish colony on Hispaniola.
January 1698: In 1680, King Louis XIV of France, through his Chambers of Reunion, claimed Lützelstein as a French fief, which was confirmed by the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697.
September 1697: The French evacuated Catalonia.
Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region and the Vaunage in southern France. In the early 1700s, they raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed Louis XIV's Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal.
January 1705: 1702-1715: Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region and the Vaunage in southern France. In the early 1700s, they raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed Louis XIV's Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant Cévennes region including the Vaunage and the parts of the Camargue around Aigues Mortes. The revolt broke out in 1702, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then skirmishes until 1710 and a final peace by 1715.
Was a Swiss civil war during the Old Swiss Confederacy between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons.
April 1712: April 12, 1712 to August 11, 1712: was a military conflict in the Confederation […] On the one hand there were the Catholic “Inner Places” and the Prince Abbot of St. Gallen, on the other hand the Reformed towns of Bern and Zurich as well as the Abbot subjects in Toggenburg [...] Victory of the Reformed towns of Bern and Zurich and the end of Catholic hegemony.
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European wars of religion
