If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country. Modern Egypt's history as a separate country started with the Egypt Eyalet in 1806, which was nominally an Ottoman province. Ancient Egypt is covered in a different cluster.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Egypt Eyalet
Egypt Khedivate (Ottoman Empire)
Egypt Khedivate (Great Britain)
Sultanate of Egypt
Kingdom of Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt
Establishment
January 1806: Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt, seized power in 1805 and established an independent state.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
1.1.Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809)
Was a war between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire caused by the agreement of the Ottomans to open the Dardanelles exclusively to French warships. .
March 1807: The Alexandria expedition of 1807 was led by General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser and Admiral John Thomas Duckworth. The British troops occupied Alexandria in response to the French occupation of Egypt and to secure British interests in the region.
September 1807: End of the British occupation of Alexandria.
Wars that saw the partecipation of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wali of Egypt.
2.1.Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Were a series of military expeditions of the nominally Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt in Sudan that resulted in the annexion of the region.
July 1820: In 1820, the Egyptian army, led by Muhammad Ali Pasha, advanced into the territory between the first and second cataract of the Nile River. The kashif of Lower Nubia, a local ruler, submitted to the Egyptian forces, despite the territory being only nominally under Ottoman rule. This event marked the expansion of Egyptian control into the region.
July 1820: When the Egyptians passed the second cataract of the Nile, the ruler of Say submitted.
August 1820: In 1820, during the Ottoman-Egyptian conquest of Sudan, the Mamluks, who were slave soldiers in Egypt, either surrendered or escaped from Dongola. This event marked the expansion of Egyptian control over the region.
November 1820: The main military opposition to the Egyptians in Sudan came from the powerful Shayqiyya confederation, which was defeated on 4 November at the battle of Korti.
February 1821: Ismail himself took the bulk of his forces on a march across the Bayuda Desert and reached the Nile at al-Buqayr, south of Ad-Damir seven days later. .
March 1821: The Egyptians reached Berber, which submitted without fighting.
January 1823: The Kordofan Campaign of 1822 was led by the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha and his son Ismail Pasha. They successfully conquered the territory of North Kordofan, which was part of the Egypt Eyalet at the time. This campaign was part of Muhammad Ali's efforts to expand his control over Sudan and establish Egyptian dominance in the region.
January 1841: A number of territories in modern Sudan and South Sudan were not conquered in the Egyptian conquest of 1822-24, but were added following campaigns in later years. In 1840, the regions of Kassala and Taka were added to the Egyptian domains.
January 1856: In 1855, the Upper White Nile region around Fashoda was part of the Egypt Eyalet.
January 1866: Suakin and the Red Sea coast were conquered by Egypt in 1865.
January 1871: Equatoria conquered by turkey.
October 1874: Sultanate of Darfur conquered by Rabih az-Zubayr.
December 1881: In November 1881, the territory of Mangbetu was occupied by the Egyptian Khedivate.
January 1884: The Egyptians leave Mangbetu.
2.2.Egyptian-Ottoman Wars
Were two major wars between Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (nominally an Ottoman vassal but factually independent) and the Ottoman Empire over the control of territories in the Levant.
2.2.1.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831-1833)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence.
June 1832: Acre fell to Egyptian prince Ibrahim Pasha's army in May 1832.
October 1832: In 1832, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, led a military campaign to conquer the Levant region. After capturing Acre, he successfully took control of major cities like Aleppo, Homs, Beirut, Sidon, Tripoli, and Damascus, expanding the territory of the Egypt Eyalet.
November 1832: With the provinces of Greater Syria under his control, the Egyptian army continued their campaign into Anatolia in late 1832.
November 1832: In 1832, the Egyptian forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, occupied the city of Konya in central Anatolia. This was part of the Egyptian invasion of Ottoman territories during the Ottoman-Egyptian War.
2.2.2.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt initiated by the Ottomans to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War.
September 1840: Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities.
September 1840: With a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days.
October 1840: The Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3.
November 1840: In 1840, the city of Acre and several nearby coastal cities were occupied by the British military.
November 1840: On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet.
Was a conflict between Aussa, Oromo, and Somali tribesmen, and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1885. In 1874, the Egyptians invaded Eastern Ethiopia and ruled it for 11 years.
January 1874: In August 1873, Egyptian garrisons, under the rule of Khedive Isma'il Pasha of the Ottoman Empire, occupied Berbera. This move was part of Egypt's efforts to expand its influence in the region and control key strategic ports along the Red Sea coast.
January 1876: Egypt annexed the Emirate of Harar in 1875.
April 1884: Egypt surrendered all of its possessions south of the Red Sea in March 1884.
January 1885: Egyptian occupation of the Gulf of Tadjoura.
January 1885: The British withdrew from Harar in 1884, leaving the city to Abdullahi II, son of the previous emir,
Was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt caused by the expansionistic aims of the latter after having occupied Sudan.
March 1876: The Egyptians, established forts in Eritrea: "Gura" fort and "Khaya Khor" fort.
March 1876: Battle of Gura.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
August 1881: Mahdi retreated into Kordofan in 1881.
March 1884: Sennar, Tokar and Sinkat were under Mahdist siege.
January 1885: Siege of Khartoum.
5.1.Mahdist Attacks to Ethiopia
Was the invasion of Ethiopia by Mahdist Sudan during the Mahdist War.
January 1869: Bogos occupied by Egypt.
October 1884: According to the Hewett Treaty of 3 June 1884, Ethiopia agreed to facilitate the evacuation of Egyptian garrisons in southern Sudan. In September 1884, Ethiopia reoccupied the province of Bogos, which had been occupied by Egypt.
After helping the Egyptian government to end a nationalist uprising, the British made Egypt a protectorate.
October 1882: The Battle of Tel el Kebir between British and Egyptian forces on September 13, 1882, established British control of Egypt.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
March 1889: Expansion of Ethiopia by the end of the reign of Yohannes IV.
January 1898: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1897.
January 1899: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1898.
June 1899: Territorial change based on available maps.
Was a skirmish on the border between the British protectorate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1906: The Ottoman Sultan leaves Taba to the British.
January 1907: The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba, on the border between the Ottoman Empire and British Egypt.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
9.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
9.1.1.Senussi Campaign
The campaign was fought by the Kingdom of Italy and the British Empire during World War I against the Senussi, a religious order of Arabic nomads in Libya and Egypt.
9.1.1.1.Band of oases
Was the theatre of war in the oases during the Senussi campaign.
June 1915: The Senussi Revolt spreads in Bu Njem, Egypt.
February 1916: Egyptian patrols arrived in Siwa, entering unopposed, where the inhabitants appeared happy to be rid of the Senussi.
February 1916: The oasis at Farafra was occupied by the Senussi.
February 1916: 500 Senussi occupied the oasis at Bahariya.
February 1916: The Senussi moved on to the oasis at Dakhla.
March 1916: By 19 March, Senussi defeats on the coast had lowered Senussi morale. The Senussi retired from Kharga of their own accord.
March 1916: Garrisons were installed at Dakhla and Bahariya and civilian government resumed. By the end of March, the oasis and its 20,000 occupants had been cleared of the Senussi.
December 1916: In November a British expedition to Farafra took more prisoners.
December 1918: In 1918, the Senussi Campaign came to an end in Bani Walid, Libya. The campaign was a series of battles between the British Empire and the Senussi Order, led by Sayyid Idris. The territory of Bani Walid was left without a ruling entity after the conflict.
9.1.1.2.Coast Theatre of War (Senussi War)
Was the theatre of war on the coast during the Senussi campaign.
January 1916: An Egyptian column reached Baqqush late on 13 January.
January 1916: The British Western Frontier Force advanced on 22 January to Bir Shola.
February 1916: An Egyptian column attacked the Senussi and captured Jaafar Pasha, commander of the Senussi forces on the coast.
February 1916: British commander Lukin advanced to Sidi Barrani and entered unopposed.
March 1916: A British infantry column reached Buq Buq on 11 March,.
March 1916: The British cavalry reached Alem abu Sheiba.
March 1916: A British infantry column reached Augerin and armoured cars occupied the Median and Eragib passes.
March 1916: British forces advanced to Bir Tegdida.
March 1916: The Senuss fled into the desert, leaving Sollum to British forces.
9.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
9.2.1.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
9.2.1.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
10.1.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
10.1.1.Italian invasion of Egypt
Was an Italian offensive in the Second World War, against British, Commonwealth and Free French forces in the Kingdom of Egypt.
September 1940: The Italian 10th Army halted and took up defensive positions around the port of Sidi Barrani.
10.1.2.Operation Compass
Was a British military operation against Italian forces in Western Egypt and Cyrenaica.
December 1940: British conquest of Sidi Barrani.
10.1.3.Operation Sonnenblume
Was a joint German and Italian military Campaign against British forces in Cyrenaica, during World War II.
April 1941: By 15 April, Italian troops pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk.
10.1.4.Operation Skorpion
Was a military operation where the Axis re-captured Halfaya Pass, Egypt.
May 1941: Axis forces re-captured the Halfaya Pass.
10.1.5.Operation Crusader
Was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces.
November 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
10.1.6.Battle of Gazala
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, during World War II.
June 1942: Rommel crossed the border into Egypt by occupying Sidi Barrani.
June 1942: The 7th Bersaglieri Regiment (Trento Division) occupied the fortified camp of Marsa Matruh.
July 1942: On 1 July the Axis forces arrived in front of El Alamein. The Allies withdrew to a defensive line between El Alamein, near the sea, and the desert.
10.1.7.Battle of Alam el Halfa
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces in Egypt, during World War II.
August 1942: Axis forces attack deep into British Egypt territory.
September 1942: Axis retreat to initial positions in North Africa.
10.1.8.British Invasion of Libya
Was a British military campaign in Italian Libya during World War II that resulted in the occupation of the region.
10.1.8.1.Second Battle of El Alamein
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein.
November 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
is an ongoing conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbours, as well as with Palestine, an area factually controlled by Israel itself. The conflict begun when the British Mandate in Palestine (a former Ottoman territory) was partitioned into an Arab and a Jewish state.
11.1.Palestine War
Was a war that took place in Palestine, initially a British Mandate, between the Jewish population and the the Arab population (later with the support of the Arab league) of the region. It is traditionally divided in two phases: a civil war in the final phase of the British Mandate, and a full-scale invasion by a coalition of Arab countries after the British left Palestine. During the war the State of Israel was established.
11.1.1.1948 Arab-Israeli War
Was a war between the newly established State of Israel and a coalition of Arab states. It was the second phase of the Palestine War of 1948. After the evacuation of the British forces from the Mandate for Palestine, Israel declared its independence, and Palestine was invaded by a coalition of Arab states.
11.1.1.1.Southern Front - Operation Uvda
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
March 1948: On March 10, the Negev Brigade completed the occupation of southern Negev.
11.1.1.2.Central Front (1948 Arab-Israeli War)
Were a series of battles on the central front of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the war.
July 1948: Irgun paramilitary Units and the Etzioni Brigade occupied the Arab village of Malha.
11.1.1.3.Southern Front (1948 Arab-Israeli War)
Were a series of battles on the southern front of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War at the beginning of the war.
May 1948: Until May 21, the Egyptian forces had occupied Beersheba and reached Bethlehem.
May 1948: Egyptian troops moved up the coast through what is now the Gaza Strip, to above Ashdod, before being stopped in late May.
November 1948: With Operation Shmone the Arab village of Iraq Suwaydan fell to Israeli forces.
11.1.1.4.Northern Front - Operation Hiram
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
October 1948: Al-Nabi Rubin was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Hiram.
11.1.1.5.Central Front - Operation Danny
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
July 1948: Al-Jura was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Sar'a was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Khirbat al-Lawz was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: al-Burj was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
July 1948: Artuf was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Danny.
11.1.1.6.Southern Front - Operation Yoav
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
October 1948: Hulayqat was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Bayt Tima was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Kawkaba was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Beersheba was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Kidna was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Ra'na was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Zikrin was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: 'Ajjur was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Bayt Jibrin was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Dayr Sunayd was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Al-Khalasa was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Bayt 'Affa was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Isdud was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: Al-Qubayba was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
October 1948: al-Dawayima was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
November 1948: al-Majdal was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
November 1948: Al-Jiyya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
November 1948: Hamama was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
November 1948: Hiribya was among the arab communities captured by Israel during Operation Yoav.
11.1.1.7.Southern Front - Operation Horev
Was a military operation by Israeli forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
December 1948: On 29 December the Israeli Eighty-second and Ninth battallions arrived at the outksirts of El Arīsh (Egypt).
11.1.2.1949 Armistice Agreements
Were a series of agreements between Israel, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Syria that formally ended the 1948 Arab-Israel War.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. Israel left the territories that it had occupied outside Mandatory Palestine.
July 1949: By 20 July Israel made Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, ending the 1947-1949 Palestine war. The Gaza strip remains occupied by Egypt.
11.2.Suez Crisis
Was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The goal was to regain control of the Suez Canal for the Western powers.
October 1956: Israel invades the Gaza Strip and the Sinai and quickly reaches the Canal Zone.
November 1956: Israeli forces halted at a line 16 km from the Suez canal.
November 1956: Israeli attack on Tor.
November 1956: 4 British battalions occupied Gamil, 10 km west of Port-Saïd.
November 1956: Sharm-El-Sheik conquered by israel.
December 1956: Under pressure from around the world, the United Kingdom and then France were forced to accept a ceasefire. UN troops landed on November 27. On December 22, the intervention force left Egypt.
April 1957: The Israelis refused to host any UN force on Israeli controlled territory and left the Sinai in March 1957.
11.3.Six-Day War
Was a war fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.
June 1967: After the closure of the Straits of Tiran, Israel launched a preemptive attack against Egypt and Jordan.
11.4.Yom Kippur War
Was a war between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. The war began on October 6, 1973, when the Arab coalition jointly launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur. .
11.4.1.Egyptian Attacck (Yom Kippur War)
Was the Egyptian military invasion of Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War.
October 1973: In the north, the Egyptian 18th Division attacked the town of El-Qantarah el-Sharqiyya, engaging Israeli forces in and around the town.
October 1973: Ayoun Mousa conquered by Arab Republic of Egypt.
October 1973: Territorial changes based on the known frontline between Israel and Egypt on that date.
11.4.2.Israeli Counterattack (Yom Kippur War)
Was the Israeli counterattack against Egypt during the Yom Kippur War.
October 1973: Battle of Ismaila.
October 1973: Battle of Suez.
11.4.3.Ceasefire (Yom Kippur War)
Was a ceasefire that ended the Yom Kippur War.
October 1973: Israel gained territory west of the canal.
October 1973: When a ceasefire ended the Yom Kippur War, Israel had lost territory on the east side of the Suez Canal to Egypt.
Was a short border war fought between Libya and Egypt.
July 1977: A Libyan tank battalion raided the town of Sallum.
July 1977: A substantial Egyptian mechanised force (possibly as large as two divisions) advanced into Libya along the coast towards the town of Musaid. Aside from a few tank clashes, the Libyans retreated in face of the incursion.
August 1977: End of Libyan raid to the town of Sallum.
August 1977: After advancing 24 kilometres into Libya, the Egyptians withdrew over the border.
March 1820: In 1820 Muhammad Ali of Egypt gave orders to commence the conquest of eastern Libya. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis.
June 1821: In 1820, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali, the general and son of the nominally Ottoman vassal Muhammad Ali Pasha, started the conquest of Sudan. The Turks reached the Nile confluence in May 1821.
January 1822: Between 1821 and 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the sahil, with Zeila included.
January 1822: In 1821, el-Fahl lost the province of Kordofan to the Egyptians under Mehemet Ali.
January 1828: In 1827, British explorer Captain William Grant Francis and Sultan of Raheita, Moussa Reyyan, signed a protection treaty in the northern coast of present-day Djibouti. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of British Somaliland.
January 1831: The White Nile region is conquered by Egypt.
January 1834: An intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a.
January 1839: Emir Faisal faced a re-invasion of Najd by the Egyptians. The local population was unwilling to resist, and Faisal was defeated and taken to Egypt as a prisoner.
January 1840: Since 1839 British emissaries stationed in the port cities of Zeila and Berbera.
January 1841: Zeila was more or less subject to Ottoman Turkey throughout the 19th century. She appoints "pasha", farmers responsible for taxes, like Ali Shermake or Abu Bekr in the 1840s.
January 1841: External conflicts forced the Egyptians to withdraw all their presence in the Arabian Peninsula.
February 1841: The Funj Sultanate was annexed to Egypt.
January 1842: The Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841.
January 1866: By 1865, the Shilluk Kingdom had lost part its political standing.
June 1867: Constantinople granted Egypt the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867.
January 1871: Leqa Qellam state founded.
August 1885: Via the International Association of the Congo, king Leopold II of Belgium was able to lay claim to most of the Congo basin. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the Berlin Conference, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1886.
January 1886: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from Ethiopia and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from Tadjoura.
July 1887: In 1887, after signing successive treaties with the then ruling Somali Sultans from the Isaaq, Issa, Gadabursi, and Warsangali clans, the British established a protectorate in the region referred to as British Somaliland.
May 1889: The Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Italy and Menelik II, the Emperor of Ethiopia. It established the borders between Italian Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire in 1889.
February 1897: Belgian forces led by Chaltin continued defeated the rebels in the Battle of Rejaf, securing the Lado Enclave as a Belgian territory.
January 1899: In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, sultan Ali Dinar managed to establish Darfurs independence.
June 1899: Territorial change based on available maps.
June 1899: Abbas II of Egypt and the British decided to re-establish control over Sudan. Leading a joint Egyptian-British force, Lord Kitchener led military campaigns from 1896 to 1898. In 1899, Britain and Egypt formally agreed to establish a joint protectorate: Egypt on the basis of its previous claims and Britain by right of conquest. At this point the protectorate encompassed modern-day Sudan and South Sudan as well as the Sarra triangle.
September 1900: On September 5, 1900, the borders of the French Colony of Chad were formally established.
December 1914: British occupation of Egypt ended nominally with the deposition of the last khedive Abbas II on 5 November 1914 and the establishment of a British protectorate, with the installation of sultan Hussein Kamel on 19 December 1914.
February 1922: Britain unilaterally declared Egyptian independence without any negotiations with Egypt.
January 1926: Giarabub was part of the Kingdom of Egypt until December 1925, when it was ceded to the Kingdom of Italy as part of the agreement to fix the Egyptian-Libyan border.
June 1953: The Republic of Egypt, was a state forged in 1953 under the rule of Mohammed Naguib following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 in which the Kingdom of Egypt's Muhammad Ali Dynasty came to an end.
February 1958: The United Arab Republic was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971. It was initially a political union between Egypt, led by President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and Syria, led by President Shukri al-Quwatli.
September 1971: Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until 1971.
January 1974: The Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Egypt was an agreement signed between Israel and Egypt on January 18, 1974 ending the Yom Kippur War.
September 1975: Interim Agreement between Israel and Egypt 1975.
January 1980: Israeli-occupied territories are given back to Egypt with the Interim Agreement of 1980.
April 1982: Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty.
Selected Sources
Dupuy, R. E. / Dupuy, T. N. (1993): The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present, New York (USA), p. 851.
Filiu, J. (2023): Gaza - A History, Hurst Publishers, Chapter 4 "The Catastrophe"
Gilbert, M. (2012): The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 10th Edition, Routledge, p.50
Iraq Swaidan (village). Palestinian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://web.archive.org/web/20210426063419/https://www.palestinapedia.net/عراق-سويدان-قرية/
Morris, B. (2003): Victimes: histoire revisitée du conflit arabo-sioniste, Editions Complexe, p.265
Morris, B. (2008): 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p.234,
Morris, B. (2008): 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press, p.346
North Africa, Auchinleck's Offensive, 18 November-31 December 1941. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope35Combined.jpg
North Africa, Graziani's Advance And Wavell's Offensive,13 September 1940 -7 February 1941. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope34Combined.jpg
Operation Danny. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Danny
Operation Hiram. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hiram
Operation Uvda (March 5 - March 10, 1949). Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/operation-uvda
Operation Yoav. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yoav
Pursuit To Tunisia, November 1942-February 1943. United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://s3.amazonaws.com/usma-media/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Europe%20Med/WWIIEurope38Combined.jpg
Suez Canal Area, 1973 - Egyptian Attack,and Israeli Counterattacks, 14-15 October United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/Arab%20Israeli%20Wars/ArabIsareli12b.pdf
Suez Canal Area, 1973 - Egyptian Crossing/Reinforcement Phase-Israeli Counterattacks, 6-13 October United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/Arab%20Israeli%20Wars/ArabIsareli12a.pdf
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.43
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.53
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egypt (modern)
