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Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
Chronology
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January 1916: By 1915, with the first world war in full swing, Al Idrisi established contacts with the British through its administration in Aden. With the new connections, the Idrisids occupied over the Farasan Islands, and later parts of Northern Tihamah and Al Luḩayyah.
October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
1.1.Russian Conquest of Armenia
Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.
November 1914: Russian forces reached Köprüköy on November 4.
November 1914: The 3rd Infantry Regiment, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: By the end of November, the front had stabilized, with the Russians clinging to a salient 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.
December 1914: At the Battle of Ardahan, the city was captured by the Turks.
April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
January 1916: The Battle of Koprukoy in 1916 occurred when the Russians were advancing to Erzurum.
April 1916: Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the Russian Caucasus Army.
August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
November 1917: The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.
July 1916: On July 2, Erzincan was captured by Russina forces.
November 1914: The Ottoman 3rd Infantry Regiment invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: Armenian volunteers were took Karaköse and Doğubeyazıt.
April 1915: Self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet.
May 1915: Russian forces entered the town of Van.
February 1916: Ottoman Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the Erzurum, as Russian Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army.
1.2.Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)
Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.
February 1918: The Bolshevik revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7.
February 1918: Erzincan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Bayburt conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Tercan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: The Black Sea port of Trabzon was reconquered by Turkish forces on February 24.
March 1918: By March 24 the Ottoman forces had crossed the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory, occupying parts of Armenia.
March 1918: On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
1.3.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
April 1918: The Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of Batumi.
May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.
October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
December 1918: The German protectorate in Georgia ended due to the military defeat of Germany in November 1918.
May 1918: The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.
April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
May 1918: The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.
November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
March 1918: An uprising began when Captain Marshall was murdered in the citadel of Najaf.
May 1918: Najaf is besieged by Great Britain.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.
July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
March 1915: The Russians evacuated the city of Dilman.
March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
April 1915: Dilman was the site of a very hard battle between the Armenians and the Turks.
August 1915: During July 1915, Russian forces were forced into a general retreat across the Caucasus area, with one column of Russians retreating as far as the Persian frontier.
November 1915: On November 10, the Gendarmerie forces, led by Ali Quli Khan Pasyan, defeated the tribal forces of the Khamseh (allies of the British), which were commanded by Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk, and captured Shiraz.
November 1915: By the end of the month, Tehran fell to the Russian Caucasus Army and Armenian volunteers.
December 1915: In November 1915, Major Pesyan, commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade in a battle that later took the battle name of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the enemies and he, with a patriotic speech, managed to convince some of them to go over to their side.
December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
August 1916: Turkish forces took Hamadan.
January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
July 1916: In northern Persia, the Ottoman 6th Division arrived as reinforcements. Ali İhsan Bey captured Khermanshah on 2 July.
February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
December 1915: The Russians advanced against the Gendarmerie forces both in the Robatkarim region, where the forces were commanded by Mohammad Hossein Jahanbani, and along the road linking the Hamadan and Kermanshah regions, where the Gendarmerie forces were commanded by Major Pesyan and Azizollah Zarghami. The gendarmes, having been defeated, retreated to Kermanshah.
June 1916: In May 1916 Qasr-e-Shirin province also fell into Russian hands.
September 1915: In August 1915, following the occupation of Bushehr by the British, the gendarmes under Akhgar's control retreated to Borazjan.
July 1918: In southern Persia, Urmia fell to the hands of the Ottoman IV Corps.
June 1918: After the revolution, the Russian troops in Persia were routed and Turkey decided to reconquer these regions. On June 8, 1918, the Ottoman IV Corps entered Tabriz.
June 1918: The town of Dilman was captured by Ottoman forces on June 18.
4.1.Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I
Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.
December 1914: The Ottoman Van Jandarma Division occupied the city of Qotur.
January 1915: Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, was captured by a volunteer detachment led by Omer Naci Bey, who was sent by Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on a special mission.
January 1915: The "Mosul Group" commanded by Omer Fevzi Bey entered Tabriz, without facing much resistance.
January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
5.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.
January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
5.2.British Campaign in Palestine
Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.
March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.
November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.
April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
May 1915: The Allied troops occupied the island of Lemnos.
January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
Was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
September 1918: The major victory in Tafas in 1918 was led by T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, and Arab forces against Ottoman, Austrian, and German troops.
September 1918: "Sherifial irregulars" , accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence, captured Deraa.
June 1916: The port of Jidda was attacked by 3500 Arabs. The Ottoman garrison surrendered.
January 1919: Hussain occupied Mecca and besieged Medina. It was one of the longest sieges in history that lasted until even after the armistice.
September 1918: The Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918.
September 1916: By the end of September 1916 the Sharifian army had taken the coastal cities of Rabegh, Yenbo, Qunfida.
July 1917: After an overland attack, Aqaba fell to those Arab forces with only a handful of casualties.
June 1916: Another of Hussein's sons, the Emir Abdullah attacked Ta'if, With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on September 22, 1916.
January 1917: Royal Navy bluejackets attacked Wejh from the north on 23 January 1917. Wejh surrendered within 36 hours.
7.1.Battle of Mecca
On July 4, 1916 the last Turkish resistance in Mecca capitulated.
July 1916: The last Turkish resistance in Mecca, Jirwal barracks, capitulated.
World War I Middle East Theatre
