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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Ayutthaya Kingdom
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Burma)
Kingdom of Thonburi
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Kingdom of Thailand
Thailand (Forced Ally of Japan)
Establishment
January 1351: King Uthong and King Ramathibodi I founded Ayutthaya in 1350. King Uthong was the first king of Ayutthaya, while King Ramathibodi I was the founder of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. They named the city after Ayodhya, a sacred city in India.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a border conflict between the Ayutthaya Kingdom (present-day Thailand) and the Lan Na Kingdom (in northern Thailand).
January 1432: After a seven-month siege, King Borommarachathirat II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom captured Angkor.
January 1433: After being captured by the Siamese army led by King Borommaracha II, the Khmer King Ponhea Yat managed to retake the city of Angkor in 1432.
January 1442: Tilokaraj captured the cities of Phrae and Muong Nan, after successfully employing artillery.
January 1452: In 1451, Sawankhalok broke away from Ayutthaya and joined Lan Na.
January 1453: Ayutthaya captured Chiang Mai in 1452.
February 1453: In 1453, King Tilokaraj of Lan Xang provided military assistance to the Lan Na Kingdom in Chiang Mai, forcing the Burmese invaders to withdraw from the territory. This event marked a significant moment in the history of the region, showcasing the strategic alliances between neighboring kingdoms.
January 1458: The Ayutthaya annex Sawankhalok.
January 1460: In 1459 Lan Na captured Sawankhalok, which had in the meantime rejoined Ayutthaya.
January 1461: Ayutthaya reconquered Phrae province, exploiting the fact that Lan Na was engaged in a conflict with the Shan States.
Were a series of wars fought between Burma and Siam from the 16th to 19th centuries.
2.1.Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549)
Was a war between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
2.1.1.Invasion of mainland Siam (1548-1549)
Was a Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549).
October 1548: On 14 October 1548 (13th waxing of Tazaungmon 910 ME), the Burmese three armies left Martaban to start the invasion. The armies marched along the Ataran river toward the Three Pagodas Pass, entered Siam along the Khwae Noi River to the town of Sai Yok.
November 1548: About a month into the invasion, mid-November 1548, the King of Burma then continued his march eastward, capturing the villages of Ban Thuan, Kaphan Tru and Chorakhe Sam Phan.
February 1549: King Tabinshwehti of the Toungoo Kingdom encamped his army directly north of the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya on a field called the Lumpli plain.
February 1549: The Burmese continued their advance and captured the ancient town of Uthong as well as the villages of Don Rakhang and Nong Sarai and closing in on Suphanburi.
March 1549: After a treaty that ended the Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549), the Burmese king left all the militarly occupied regions and retreated to Pegu.
2.2.Burmese-Siamese War (1563-64)
Was a war between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam. The cause of the war was an attempt by the Toungoo King Bayinnaung to force the Ayutthaya kingdom into submission under his rule, as part of his campaign that later created the largest empire ever to exist in Southeast Asia.
January 1564: King Bayinnaung, familiar with the terrain of Siam due to his prior expeditions with the late Tabinshwehti, entered Siam through what is now known as Three Pagodas Pass in Kanchanaburi Province.
January 1564: Bayinnaung's army took Sawankhalok and Phichit without difficulty, finally able to direct their full attention on invading Ayutthaya.
January 1564: Mahathammarachathirat was the ruler of Sukhothai, a kingdom in Thailand. Bayinnaung was the king of Burma who led the military occupation of Sukhothai in 1563. The Burmese invasion led to Mahathammarachathirat switching allegiance to Bayinnaung.
January 1564: The governor of Phitsanulok, Mahathammarachathirat, faced with a large opposing force, betrayed the Siamese cause and signed a treaty of friendship with Bayinnaung, contributing forces to Bayinnaung's now even larger army.
January 1564: A separate Burmese army entered through Mae Lamow Pass in what is now Tak Province.
March 1564: The Bayinnaung armies marched down to Ayutthaya. There, they were kept at bay for weeks by the Siamese fort, aided by three Portuguese warships and artillery batteries at the harbor. The invaders finally captured the Portuguese ships and batteries on 7 February 1564, after which the fort promptly fell. Ayutthaya becomes a Burmese vassal state.
2.3.Burmese-Siamese War (1568-1569)
Was a military conflict fought between the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) and the Kingdom of Burma. The war began in 1568 when Ayutthaya unsuccessfully attacked Phitsanulok, a Burmese vassal state.
January 1569: In 1568, Siam, the most powerful vassal state of Burma, revolted.
2.4.Burmese-Siamese War (1584-1593)
Was a war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
May 1584: The Siamese army withdrew to Martaban, and declared independence on 3 May (O.S. 23 April) 1584.
May 1584: Tenasserim was integrated into Burma.
January 1587: Undeterred, Nanda Bayin launched a two-pronged invasion in the following dry season on 19 October (O.S. 9 October) 1586 Both armies overcame Siamese defenses and arrived before Ayutthaya by December.
April 1587: Because of poor planning, the Burmese troops began dying in thousands "from want and exposure" during the siege of Ayutthaya. By March, the siege began to falter, and supplies streamed into Ayutthaya through gaps in the Burmese lines. The Burmese forces began their painful withdrawal on 20 April 1587.
January 1593: The invasion army of 24,000 was led by King Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, who was trying to defend his territory from the Burmese forces led by King Nanda Bayin. The battle at Suphan Buri was a significant moment in the Burmese–Siamese War of 1592–1593.
January 1593: After being defeated in a battle, the Burmese forces retreated, suffering heavy casualties along the way as the Siamese chased and destroyed their army. This was the last of the campaigns by Nanda Bayin to invade Siam.
2.5.Burmese-Siamese War (1593-1600)
Was a war between the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
June 1600: Siam conquers the Tenasserim coastal region to Martaban.
June 1600: Lan Na (Chiang Mai) becomes a vassal of Siam.
2.5.1.Mon State campaign
Was a military campaign by Siamese forces against Burma in the Mon States and in Tenasserim.
January 1594: Phraya Chakri captured Tenasserim, he captured Mergui.
January 1594: Tenasserim resisted the siege for 15 days while the siege of Tavoy lasted 20 days, before the Siamese were successful in capturing both cities.
January 1595: The small Burmese garrison at Martaban abandoned the town. The King of Burma then ordered the viceroy of Toungoo to suppress the revolt, but that force was defeated by a combined Siamese and Mon army. The Mon provinces then became subject to Siam.
2.5.2.Invasion of mainland Burma (1595-1600)
Was a Siamese invasion of Burma during the Burmese-Siamese War (1593-1600).
January 1596: Naresuan led an army of 120,000 men from the Siamese capital and initiated an invasion of lower Burma. At Martaban, he added the Mon army as an auxiliary force. Upon reaching Pegu.
February 1596: Naresuan of Siam learned that the viceroys of Prome, Ava, and Toungoo were coming with their armies. Given the overwhelming strength of the Burmese relief forces, Naresuan retreated back to Siam.
January 1600: When Naresuan of Siam arrived in Pegu, he found only an empty and burning city.
April 1600: For two months, Naresuan attempted to capture Toungoo.
June 1600: In May of 1600, King Naresuan of Siam gave up the fight against the Kingdom of Toungoo in mainland Burma due to a lack of provisions.
January 1601: In 1600, Lan Na (Chiang Mai) became a vassal of Siam under the rule of King Naresuan.
2.6.Burmese-Siamese War (1609-1622)
Was a war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
January 1619: Burma ultimately regains Martaban.
January 1623: Tavoy conquered by Kingdom of Toungoo.
January 1627: Independence of Lan Na.
2.7.Burmese-Siamese War (1662-1664)
Was a war between the Toungoo Empire of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
2.7.1.Siam invades Lan Na
Innvasion of Lan Na by Siamese forces.
March 1663: King Narai and two Siamese armies invaded Lan Na and captured Chiang Mai in February 1663.
2.7.2.Siam invades Burma - 1663-1664
Invasion of the Martaban Coast by Siamese forces.
December 1663: In 1663, the Siamese forces, led by King Narai, launched a military campaign and successfully captured the territories of Martaban and Tavoy.
January 1665: The only point of agreement between Rajanubhab's Siamese account and the Burmese account is that the invaders depleted their provisions during the invasion and had to return home. With the end of the hostilities in Burma and the evacuation of Lan Na by the Siamese, Burma and Siam entered a long period of peace.
2.7.3.Burma invades Siam - 1663
Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1662-1664).
January 1664: In 1663, the Burmese forces, led by King Pye Min of Burma, invaded the territory of Sai Yok in Siam. The invasion began at Three Pagodas Pass and the Burmese army advanced over 100 kilometers into Siam, marking the beginning of a military occupation.
February 1664: In 1664, the Ayutthaya Kingdom successfully defended against the Burmese invasion led by King Pye Min. King Narai of Siam led the Siamese forces in routing the Burmese, forcing them to retreat back to their own territory. This marked the end of Burma's 1663 invasion of Siam.
2.8.Burmese-Siamese War (1662-64)
Was a war fought in the 17th century between the Toungoo Empire of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom over the Lan Na Kingdom and cities of the Tenasserim coast.
January 1665: Siam conquers Lan Na.
2.9.Burmese-Siamese War (1759-60)
Was a first military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
March 1760: In less than two weeks of the war, the Burmese had captured both Mergui and the town of Tenasserim, and controlled the entire Tennaserim coast.
March 1760: The Siamese defenses met the invading force outside Kui Buri but were forced to retreat. The Burmese also captured Pranburi.
March 1760: The Burmese forces, led by King Alaungpaya, defeated the Siamese troops in Suphanburi in 1760. Among the captured Siamese commanders were Phraya Vichayen and Phraya Chakri, who later became King Taksin of Thonburi.
April 1760: In 1760, Burmese forces led by King Alaungpaya invaded the Siamese territories of Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi. The Siamese defenders, led by King Ekkathat, put up a strong resistance but were eventually defeated after several fierce battles in February and March. The Burmese forces successfully occupied the territories, marking a significant victory in the Burmese-Siamese wars.
April 1760: The Burmese arrived at the environs of Ayutthaya and laid siege to the city, hoping to take it before the monsoon.
May 1760: The Burmese king's health deteriorated rapidly. He was suffering from either dysentery or scrofula. King Alaungpaya died on 11 May 1760 near Martaban, after being rushed by the advance guard. With his death, the war ended.
2.10.Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was a war between the Konbaung Dnasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam which led to the collapse of the latter.
April 1767: By late March, the Burmese had dug tunnels to the walls, and mined them. At 4 pm on 7 April, several sections of the wall were brought down by the mines underneath, and the Burmese troops supported by artillery fire stormed the walls.
2.10.1.Northern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was the northern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
August 1765: The invasion began on 23 August 1765 (8th waxing of Tawthalin 1127 ME) at the height of the rainy season when the 20,000 strong northern Burmese army (20 regiments and three hundred war-boats) invaded Siam down the Wang River.
October 1765: Thihapate fought his way down the Wang, finally taking Tak and Kamphaeng Phet by the end of the rainy season.
December 1765: Burmese military leader Thihapate captured the Burmese northern cities of Sukhothai and Phitsanulok.
January 1766: They reached the environs of Ayutthaya, making contact with Maha Nawrahta's army.
February 1766: While the Burmese refilled their ranks, the Siamese command belatedly sent another army to retake Phitsanulok. But the Siamese army was driven back with heavy losses. It was the last major stand by the Siamese in the north. The Siamese defense collapsed afterwards. The Burmese army then moved by boat down the Nan River, taking Phichai, Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, and down the Chao Phraya, taking Ang Thong.
2.10.2.Southern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was southern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
November 1765: Kanchanaburi fell with little resistance in 1765 to the Burmese forces.
January 1766: Burmese forces reached Nonthaburi about 60 km south of Ayutthaya.
2.10.3.Thailand theatre of war (Burmese-Siamese War of 1765-1767)
Was theatre of war in Thailand of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
2.10.3.1.Ayutthaya Kingdom
Was the collapse of the 417-year-old Ayutthaya Kingdom during the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
December 1767: After more than 400 years of power, in 1767, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya was brought down by invading Burmese armies, its capital burned, and the territory split. But Siam made a rapid recovery. The resistance to Burmese rule was led by a noble of Chinese descent, Taksin, a capable military leader. Initially based at Chanthaburi in the southeast, within a year he had defeated the Burmese occupation army and re-established a Siamese state with its capital at Thonburi on the west bank of the Chao Phraya, 20 km from the sea.
2.11.Burmese-Siamese War (1775-76)
Was a military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (now Myanmar) and the Thonburi Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).
January 1776: Thihapate's army managed to recapture Chiang Mai.
January 1776: Maha Thiha Thura's army fought its way down to Siamese defenses and managed to occupy Phichai and Sukhothai provinces in northern Siam.
April 1776: Maha Thiha Thura was a Burmese military leader who led his army into the deserted city of Phitsanulok in March 1776 during the military occupation of Burma. This event marked a significant moment in the conflict between Burma and the territory of Phitsanulok.
July 1776: When King Hsinbyushin of Burma died on June 10, 1776, the invasion of Thonburi was ended. The Burmese however retained Chiang Saen, a region in northern Lan Na.
2.12.Burmese-Siamese War (1785-1786)
Was a war between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma and the Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom.
October 1785: In mid-October 1785, King Bodawpaya of Burma led his armies to attack Lanna, a kingdom in northern Siam. The invasion resulted in the territory of Lampang falling under Burmese military occupation.
January 1786: The Siamese relieved Lampang from the Burmese siege.
January 1786: The Burmese captured Songkhla.
January 1786: All of the Burmese invasion armies withdrew in disarray in late-January 1786.
2.13.Burmese-Siamese War (1791-1793)
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Burma under Konbaung dynasty and the Kingdom of Siam under the Chakri dynasty over the town of Tavoy and the Tenasserim Coast.
April 1794: In a treaty, Siam formally cedes the Tenasserim coastal region to Burma.
2.14.Burmese-Siamese War (1802-1805)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Burma under the Konbaung dynasty and Kingdom of Siam under the Chakri dynasty over the Lan Na city-states.
2.14.1.Kengtung annexed by Chiang Mai
In 1802 Kengtung (northern Thailand) came under the rule of Chiang Mai.
January 1803: In 1802 Kengtung came under the rule of Chiang Mai.
2.15.Burmese-Siamese War (1809-1812)
Was a war between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam.
2.15.1.First Burmese invasion (Siam)
Was the first Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1809–1812).
September 1809: The second column, led by British Lieutenant Colonel Herbert, embarked on ships and captured Takua Pa in 1809 during the Burmese military occupation. This marked a significant victory in the Anglo-Burmese War.
November 1809: In October 1809, Bodawpaya, the king of Burma, sent his chamberlain with a large force to conquer Ranong and Na Toei. The force consisted of 30,000 soldiers, 60 war ships, and 200 swivel guns. The successful campaign resulted in the territory falling under Burma's military occupation.
January 1810: The Burmese forces, led by Prince Bagyidaw, managed to regroup after initial setbacks and received reinforcements. They successfully captured the city of Phuket on 13 January 1810.
2.15.2.Second Burmese invasion (Siam)
Was the second Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1809–1812).
April 1810: In March 1810, the combined Siamese-Kedahan forces, led by Governor Phraya Surin Phakdi, successfully retook the island of Phuket from the invading Burmese forces. The invaders were pushed into Pak Chan, marking a significant victory for the Rattanakosin Kingdom.
2.15.3.Third Burmese invasion (Siam)
Was the third Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1809–1812).
June 1810: In 1810, a Siamese counter offensive led by Phuket Governor Phraya Thammarat expelled the Burmese invaders from the island.
June 1810: The Burmese King Bodawpaya sent his army, led by his son Prince of Tharrawaddy, to invade Phuket in late May 1810. The Burmese forces aimed to conquer the island and expand their territory in the region.
2.16.Burmese-Siamese War (1849-1855)
Was a military expeditions of the Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom against the Tai Khün State of Kengtung, which was under Burmese suzerainty.
January 1853: After suffering heavy losses, the Burmese were able to drive the invading Siamese out.
January 1853: The Siamese send two invading forces from Chiang Mai in Kengtung.
January 1855: The Siamese army occupied Kengtung.
June 1855: Faced with harsh mountainous terrain and a lack of resources, the invading Siamese had to evacuate Burma in May 1855.
Was a military conflict fought between the Ayutthaya Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cambodia. The war began in 1591 when Ayutthaya invaded Cambodia in response to continuous raids into their territory.
January 1592: Longvek was the capital of Cambodia during the Post-Angkor period. The siege in 1591 was led by King Naresuan of Siam against King Satha of Cambodia. The Thais were eventually forced to retreat due to logistical issues and Cambodian counterattacks.
January 1592: The Longvek citadel, located in present-day Cambodia, was besieged in 1591 by the Ayutthaya Kingdom under the leadership of King Naresuan. The military occupation of Longvek marked a significant event in the conflict between Ayutthaya and the Khmer Empire.
January 1592: In 1591, Pursat and Battambang were captured by the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
January 1594: Siam captures the Cambodian capital of Longvek.
February 1594: Following the Siam capture of the capital at Longvek, Cambodian royals were taken hostage and relocated at the court of Ayutthaya, kept under permanent Siamese influence.
Expansion during the rule of Iskandar Muda in the Aceh Sultanate.
January 1608: Alauddin Riayat Shah ibn Firman Shah conquered Pahang, a tin-producing region of the Malayan Peninsula.
January 1630: Aceh conquers the region of Kedah.
Were a series of armed conflicts between the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom and Rattanakosin Kingdom and the various dynasties of Vietnam mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
5.1.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1785)
Was a war that started with the first Siamese invasion of Southern Vietnam.
November 1784: By the end of 1784, the Siamese had taken Rạch Giá, Trấn Giang, Ba Thắc, Trà Ôn, Sa Đéc, Mân Thít, and controlled Hà Tiên, An Giang and Vĩnh Long.
January 1785: Siam launched an invasion again and occupied part of the Cuu Long Delta, but was defeated by Nguyen Hue in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút.
5.2.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-34)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
5.2.1.Siamese Invasion
Was a large-scale Siamese invasion of Vietnam during the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834) and the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-1845).
February 1833: The Siamese reached the Vàm Nao Canal or Thuận Cảng Canal in January 1833.
February 1833: In 1833, the Siamese forces, led by King Rama III, quickly took control of Hà Tiên, a territory that was previously under the rule of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam. This military occupation marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
February 1833: In 1833, Phraklang, the Siamese military leader, led his fleet up the Vĩnh Tế Canal and captured Châu Đốc in An Giang Province. This marked the beginning of Siam's military occupation of the territory.
November 1840: The Siamese were able to take Kampong Svay.
November 1840: Bodindecha was a Siamese nobleman and military commander who negotiated the peaceful surrender of Pursat in 1840 with the military commander of the territory. This event marked the transfer of control of Pursat to Siam through military occupation.
November 1840: Trương Minh Giảng retook Kampong Svay.
November 1841: The Vietnamese retreated in front of the invadinf Siamese forces, leaving Cambodia in Siamese hands. Vietnamese Viceroy Trương Minh Giảng evacuated Phnom Penh and committed suicide.
February 1842: At the An Giang front, Chao Phraya Yommaraj Bunnag and Prince Ang Duong had led Siamese armies in January 1842 to take the Vĩnh Tế Canal and An Giang province, penetrating into Hậu Giang Province.
May 1842: Tôn Thất Nghị and Nguyễn Công Nhân pushed the Siamese back. The Siamese were defeated at Châu Đốc.
5.2.2.Vietnamese offensives
Were a series of offensive by the Vietnamese Nguyen Dynasty against the Siamese invasion during the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834).
March 1834: Phraklang retreated further to Hà Tiên through the Vĩnh Tế Canal.
March 1834: After the Battle of Vàm Nao, the Siamese retreated to Châu Đốc in february 1834.
April 1834: The Vietnamese led by Trương Minh Giảng reconquered Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên, causing the Siamese army to evacuate all the occupied territories.
July 1834: Siamese army to capture Muang Phuan, defeating the Vietnamese forces.
5.3.Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-45)
Was a war between the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam and the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam caused by the Siamese attempt to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
June 1845: In 1845, Doãn Uẩn, a general of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam, captured Kampong Trabaek, a strategic territory in Cambodia. This event marked the expansion of Nguyễn Dynasty's influence in the region.
October 1845: Nguyễn Tri Phương, a prominent military leader of the Nguyễn Dynasty, successfully captured the city of Phnom Penh.
January 1846: After four years of attritious struggle, Siam and Vietnam agreed to a compromise peace and placed Cambodia under joint rule.
5.4.Franco-Siamese War
Was a conflict between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Siam.
October 1893: The Siamese found they had no British support and surrendered to France, ceding Laos during the Treaty of Bangkok of October 3, 1893.
Expansion during the rule of Bodawpaya of the Konbaung Dynasty.
January 1801: In 1800, the state of Kengcheng was founded in the Muang Sing area of northern Thailand and territories west to the Mekong River (now Burma). This state was established by local ruler Kengcheng, marking the beginning of a new political entity in the region.
January 1815: With the help of the Burmese the Kengtung ruling dynasty was reinstated in 1814.
Was an attempt by King Anouvong (Xaiya Sethathirath V) of the Kingdom of Vientiane to end the suzerainty of Siam and recreate the former kingdom of Lan Xang.
February 1827: In January 1827 the Lao armies of the kingdoms of Vientiane and Champasak (ruled by Anouvong's son) moved south and west across the Khorat Plateau, advancing as far as Saraburi, just three days march from the Siamese capitol of Bangkok. .
July 1827: The Siamese quickly mounted a counterattack, forcing the Lao forces to retreat.
January 1829: In 1828, King Anouvong of Vientiane rebelled against Siam's control, leading to the Siamese invasion of Vientiane and Champasak. The Champasak Kingdom was subsequently absorbed into the Rattanakosin Kingdom, solidifying Siam's control over the region.
January 1829: In 1828, King Anouvong of Vientiane rebelled against Siam, leading to the Siamese invasion and subsequent annexation of Vientiane and Champasak. This marked the consolidation of control by the Rattanakosin Kingdom over the territories of the Vientiane Kingdom.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
8.1.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
9.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
August 1943: Japan handed over part of the Shan States of occupied British Burma to Thailand, which annexed the territories to the newly formed province of Saharat Thai Doem. With this acquisition, Thailand also gained a direct border with China.
October 1943: In July 1943, Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo announced that Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu were to be returned to Thailand as part of the military alliance signed between Thailand and Japan on 21 December 1941. Thailand administered the states as Syburi, Palit, Kalantan and Trangkanu provinces from 18 October 1943.
January 1944: Perlis was returned to Siam in World War II as a reward for Siam's alliance with Japan.
August 1945: Kelantan reverted to British occupation upon the end of World War 2 in August 1945.
9.1.1.Franco-Thai War
Was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina.
May 1941: The Japanese, directly interested in infiltrating the region, brokered a ceasefire with France which became effective at 10.00 on 28 January and forced the French to cede the disputed territories in the treaty signed in Tokyo on 9 May 1941.
May 1941: Franco-Thai War: Thai annexation of territories of French Indochina.
9.1.2.Japanese invasion of Thailand
Was the Japanese invasion of Thailand during World War II. Thailand and Japan then formed an alliance making Thailand part of the Axis alliance until the end of World War II.
December 1941: A Japanese infantry company from the 1st Battalion of the 143rd Infantry Regiment landed from one troopship at the coastal village of Ban Don in the early hours of 8 December.
December 1941: The Japanese 3rd Battalion of the Imperial Guards Regiment landed at Samut Prakan in the early hours of 8 December.
December 1941: The Japanese 2nd Infantry Battalion of the 143rd Infantry Regiment under Major Kisoyoshi Utsunomiya landed at 03:00 from one troopship, and occupied Prachuap Khiri Khan after having crushed police resistance there.
December 1941: Territories conquered by Japan in Thailand by 8 december
December 1941: The Japanese 1st Infantry Battalion of the 143rd Infantry Regiment landed at Chumphon on the morning of 8 December.
December 1941: To end the Japanese invasion, Thailand signed an armistice. The Japanese forces left the country but Thailand was forced to become an ally of Japan from 21 December 1941.
9.1.3.Malayan Campaign
Was a military campaign of Japan against British Malaya that ended with the expulsion of the British forces from the area.
December 1941: Japanese troops launched an amphibious assault on the northern coast of Malaya at Kota Bharu.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Yala.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Jitra.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Gurun.
December 1941: Japanese conquest of Sungei Patani.
December 1941: During World War II, Penang was occupied by Japan on December 19, 1941.
9.1.4.Allied operations in Malysia
Were a series of events and battles that took place in modern-day Malaysia after its occupation ba the Japanese Empire.
9.1.5.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: The Thai army evacuated Saharat Thai Doem (territories of British Burma it had received from Japan in 1943) in August 1945.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
September 1945: Thailand returns annexed territories to the United Kingdom.
November 1945: Thailand returns annexed territories to French Indochina.
January 1379: The Victory of King Borommaracha I over Sukhothai in 1378 put the polity under the dominance of Ayutthaya.
January 1401: The Ayutthaya Kingdom conquered large portions of the Khmer Empire.
January 1409: The Lavo Kingdom is incorporated into the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
January 1412: The Ayutthaya king invaded Lan Na in 1411, seizing Chiang Rai.
January 1432: Borommaracha II was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom who led the armies to sack Angkor in 1431, ending its six hundred years of existence. He also expanded the kingdom's territory into the Korat Plateau.
January 1439: King Borommaracha II of Ayutthaya installed Ramesuan as viceroy of Sukhothai, presumably accompanied by Ayutthayan administrative staff and a military garrison, thus marking the end of Sukhothai as an independent kingdom.
January 1451: In 1450, the Kelantan Sultanate fell under the power of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) before being conquered by the Malacca Sultanate. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region during the 15th century.
January 1452: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1452: Kelantan, a territory in present-day Malaysia, fell under the power of the Siamese Kingdom in the 15th century. In 1451, it was conquered by the Malacca Sultanate, a powerful maritime empire in Southeast Asia.
January 1507: By about 1500, the Malacca Sultanate reached its maximum territorial extent. Its city of Malacca was the capital of a great Malay empire, the chief centre of trade in Indian cloth, Chinese porcelain and silk and Malay spices, and the headquarters of Muslim activity in the Malay Archipelago.
January 1551: Kelantan States were conquered again by the Siamese.
January 1565: The 16th century witnessed the rise of Burma, which under an aggressive dynasty had overrun Chiang Mai and Laos and made war on Ayutthaya. With the decline of Ayutthaya's hegemony in this period, Patani may became independent temporarily.
January 1570: in 1568, Siam, the most powerful vassal state of the Toungoo Empire, had revolted. King Bayinnaung managed to defeat the Siamese rebellion with great difficulty in 1569.
January 1601: By 1600, the Ayutthaya Kingdom's vassals included some city-states in the Malay Peninsula.
January 1606: Foundation of the Sultanate of Singora.
January 1651: In the mid-17th century Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen) died. She is believed to be the last of four successive female rulers of Patani, which then went through decades of political chaos and conflict, experiencing a gradual decline.
October 1660: Kedah fell under Thai sovereignty.
January 1701: In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene.
January 1703: In 1702, the English East India Company founded a settlement on Côn Sơn Island.
January 1708: Protectorate of Vietnam (1707-1832).
January 1728: In 1727, Ava Kingdom, led by King Mahadhammaraza Dipadi, failed to suppress the revolt in southern Lan Na (Chiang Mai) against Lan Na Kingdom (Siam) led by King Borommakot. This event marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the Lan Na region.
January 1758: Chiang Mai became a tributary again in 1757 to the new Burmese dynasty.
January 1761: In 1760, the raja at Kubang Labu, variously identified by accounts as either Long Muhammad or Long Pandak, succeeded in reuniting the disparate territories under a single ruler.
January 1765: In 1764, Kelantan regained its independence from Siam under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad I.
January 1770: Kedah falls under Thai sovereignty.
January 1771: In 1770, Francis Light was instructed by the British East India Company (BEIC) to take Penang from Kedah. He achieved this by giving assurance to Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II that his army will protect Kedah from any Siamese invasion. In return, the Sultan agree to hand over Penang to the British.
January 1775: One of the local chiefs, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese help, and captured the city on 15 January 1775, ending the 200-year Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam.
October 1776: The Burmese-Siamese War of 1775-76 was a conflict between the Kingdom of Burma and the Kingdom of Siam. As a result of the war, Siam gained control of the territories of Chiang Mai, Lampang, and Lamphun, which were previously under Burmese rule. This victory was a significant turning point in the history of the region, solidifying Siam's power and influence in northern Thailand.
January 1779: The Kingdom of Champasak becomes a vassal of Siam in 1778.
January 1779: In 1778, the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, a vassal of Burma from 1765 to 1778, transitioned to becoming a vassal of Siam.
January 1782: In 1781, Terengganu came under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Thonburi, which was ruled by King Taksin. This marked the beginning of Thai control over the territory until July 9, 1909.
April 1782: Syburi (present-day Kedah) and Trengganu in Malaysia are conquered by the Rattanakosin Kingdom.
April 1782: In the west, as far as Mergui and Tenasserim in Myanmar today leading to the Indian Ocean.
April 1782: In 1782, King Rama I founded the Rattanakosin Kingdom and relocated the capital to Bangkok.
January 1786: In 1785, a resurgent Siam sent an army led by Prince Surasi (Viceroy Boworn Maha Surasinghanat), younger brother of King Rama I, to seek the submission of Patani.
January 1786: Territorial cessions of Siam to the British in 1785.
January 1801: In 1800 Kelantan became independent from Trengganu rule
January 1801: The Karenni States were states inhabited mainly by the Red Karen, in the area of present-day Kayah State, eastern Burma. There are no historical data on the Karenni States before the 19th century.
January 1809: Sultan Dziaddin was forced to abdicate in 1803 by the King of Siam and was replaced by his nephew Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin II. This sparked a succession crisis as crown prince, Tunku Bisnu claimed to be the rightful heir to the throne. Fearing civil war, the Siamese Kingdom reconciled the two parties by appointing Tunku Bisnu as ruler of Setul, thus establishing the Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara in 1808.
January 1809: The Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara was established in 1808 in wake of the partition between the rulers in the Royal House of Kedah.
January 1811: The Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara looses Terang (Trang) to Siam in 1810.
January 1811: The state of Reman was founded in Patani between the older principalities of Pujut, Jalor and Legeh. It emerged as a single polity under Tuan Tok Nik Tok Leh in 1810. Tuan Tok Nik, also known as Tuan Mansor, a Patani nobleman, was appointed to observe the mining-activities in the area during the reign of Muhammad Raja Bakar, the Sultan of Patani.
January 1813: Kelantan falls under Thai sovereignty.
January 1815: Manglon becomes tributary to Hsenwi State.
January 1817: Perak falls under Thai sovereignty.
September 1821: In 1821, Perlis came under the sovereignty of the Rattanakosin Kingdom, ruled by King Rama III.
January 1825: Kingdom of Vientiane (vassal of Burma) conquered by siam.
February 1826: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1833: The Nguyễnn Lords of Hue by diplomacy and by force wrested the southernmost territory from Cambodia, completing the "March to the South".
January 1835: Siamese-Vietnamese War (1831-1834): Upon the outbreak of a general uprising in Cambodia (and Laos) the Siamese army withdrew and Vietnam was left in control of Cambodia.
January 1840: The state was established in 1839 as an honour for Tunku Anum, a member of Kedahan nobility after his efforts of restoring the diplomatic ties between Kedah and Siam during the Perang Musuh Bisik (The War of Whispering Enemies) of 1821.
May 1843: On 20 May 1843, the Siamese made Sayyid Hussain Jamalulail, the paternal grandson of a Hadhrami Arab Sayyid immigrant and maternal grandson of the Sultan of Kedah, became the first Raja of Perlis. This made Perlis as a sovereign state. His descendants still rule Perlis, but as rajas, instead of as sultans.
August 1863: With the establishment of the French protectorate, the borders of Cambodia wer fixed. Several minor territories were de facto annexed by the Rattanakosin Kingdom and by Vietnam.
August 1863: The protectorate was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
November 1864: Following various resistant movement by the populace during his 10-year reign, the king was forced to abdicate his position as a monarch and reunifying the area into Kedah on 10 November 1864, effectively marking the end of the Kubang Pasu Kingdom.
January 1874: British protectorate established in Perak.
January 1893: In 1892, Setul was returned to Kedah.
January 1893: The sovereignty of the Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara effectively ended in 1916, following the dissolution by the Siamese government. Its borders were largely inherited to its successive province, the present-day Satun, Thailand.
October 1893: Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (vassal of Siam) conquered by france.
October 1893: Franco-Siamese War: Kingdom of Luang Phrabang ceded to French Indochina.
October 1894: Final Boundary Treaty for the Siam-Burma border between Thailand and Britain.
January 1900: Chiang Mai became part of the Phayap province of Thailand.
January 1905: In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina.
January 1905: France forced Siam to cede control of a territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as of western Cambodia.
January 1907: Siamese authorities abolished all tributary kingdoms in the Pattani region and annexed them to the Pattani province (Thai: มณฑลปัตตานี).
March 1907: Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907.
July 1909: A British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state) is established in Kelantan.
July 1909: A British protectorate (an unfederated Malay state) is established in Perlis.
June 1932: The 1932 Siamese revolution resulted in a nearly-bloodless transition of Siam into a constitutional monarchy system of government.
Selected Sources
British Land and Air Dispositions, 7 December 1941 and Japanese Centrifugal Offensive Dec.1941 - Jan. 1942 . United States Military Academy West Point. Retrieved on March, 26th, 2024 on https://www.westpoint.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/academics/academic_departments/history/WWII%20Asia/ww2%2520asia%2520map%252007.jpg
Harvey, G. E. (1925): History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., p. 170
Maung, H. A. (1967): A History of Burma, New York (USA) and London (UK), p. 169
Maung, H. A. (1967): A History of Burma, New York (USA) and London (UK), pp. 169-170
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.551
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