This article is about the specific polity Ayutthaya Kingdom and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered on the city of Ayutthaya. The Kingdom was destroyed by invading Burmese armies in 1767.
Establishment
January 1351: King Uthong and King Ramathibodi I founded Ayutthaya in 1350. King Uthong was the first king of Ayutthaya, while King Ramathibodi I was the founder of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. They named the city after Ayodhya, a sacred city in India.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a border conflict between the Ayutthaya Kingdom (present-day Thailand) and the Lan Na Kingdom (in northern Thailand).
January 1432: After a seven-month siege, King Borommarachathirat II of the Ayutthaya Kingdom captured Angkor.
January 1433: After being captured by the Siamese army led by King Borommaracha II, the Khmer King Ponhea Yat managed to retake the city of Angkor in 1432.
January 1442: Tilokaraj captured the cities of Phrae and Muong Nan, after successfully employing artillery.
January 1452: In 1451, Sawankhalok broke away from Ayutthaya and joined Lan Na.
January 1453: Ayutthaya captured Chiang Mai in 1452.
February 1453: In 1453, King Tilokaraj of Lan Xang provided military assistance to the Lan Na Kingdom in Chiang Mai, forcing the Burmese invaders to withdraw from the territory. This event marked a significant moment in the history of the region, showcasing the strategic alliances between neighboring kingdoms.
January 1458: The Ayutthaya annex Sawankhalok.
January 1460: In 1459 Lan Na captured Sawankhalok, which had in the meantime rejoined Ayutthaya.
January 1461: Ayutthaya reconquered Phrae province, exploiting the fact that Lan Na was engaged in a conflict with the Shan States.
Were a series of wars fought between Burma and Siam from the 16th to 19th centuries.
2.1.Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549)
Was a war between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
2.1.1.Invasion of mainland Siam (1548-1549)
Was a Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549).
October 1548: On 14 October 1548 (13th waxing of Tazaungmon 910 ME), the Burmese three armies left Martaban to start the invasion. The armies marched along the Ataran river toward the Three Pagodas Pass, entered Siam along the Khwae Noi River to the town of Sai Yok.
November 1548: About a month into the invasion, mid-November 1548, the King of Burma then continued his march eastward, capturing the villages of Ban Thuan, Kaphan Tru and Chorakhe Sam Phan.
February 1549: King Tabinshwehti of the Toungoo Kingdom encamped his army directly north of the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya on a field called the Lumpli plain.
February 1549: The Burmese continued their advance and captured the ancient town of Uthong as well as the villages of Don Rakhang and Nong Sarai and closing in on Suphanburi.
March 1549: After a treaty that ended the Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549), the Burmese king left all the militarly occupied regions and retreated to Pegu.
2.2.Burmese-Siamese War (1563-64)
Was a war between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam. The cause of the war was an attempt by the Toungoo King Bayinnaung to force the Ayutthaya kingdom into submission under his rule, as part of his campaign that later created the largest empire ever to exist in Southeast Asia.
January 1564: A separate Burmese army entered through Mae Lamow Pass in what is now Tak Province.
January 1564: The governor of Phitsanulok, Mahathammarachathirat, faced with a large opposing force, betrayed the Siamese cause and signed a treaty of friendship with Bayinnaung, contributing forces to Bayinnaung's now even larger army.
January 1564: Mahathammarachathirat was the ruler of Sukhothai, a kingdom in Thailand. Bayinnaung was the king of Burma who led the military occupation of Sukhothai in 1563. The Burmese invasion led to Mahathammarachathirat switching allegiance to Bayinnaung.
January 1564: King Bayinnaung, familiar with the terrain of Siam due to his prior expeditions with the late Tabinshwehti, entered Siam through what is now known as Three Pagodas Pass in Kanchanaburi Province.
January 1564: Bayinnaung's army took Sawankhalok and Phichit without difficulty, finally able to direct their full attention on invading Ayutthaya.
March 1564: The Bayinnaung armies marched down to Ayutthaya. There, they were kept at bay for weeks by the Siamese fort, aided by three Portuguese warships and artillery batteries at the harbor. The invaders finally captured the Portuguese ships and batteries on 7 February 1564, after which the fort promptly fell. Ayutthaya becomes a Burmese vassal state.
2.3.Burmese-Siamese War (1568-1569)
Was a military conflict fought between the Kingdom of Ayutthaya (Siam) and the Kingdom of Burma. The war began in 1568 when Ayutthaya unsuccessfully attacked Phitsanulok, a Burmese vassal state.
January 1569: In 1568, Siam, the most powerful vassal state of Burma, revolted.
2.4.Burmese-Siamese War (1584-1593)
Was a war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
May 1584: The Siamese army withdrew to Martaban, and declared independence on 3 May (O.S. 23 April) 1584.
January 1587: Undeterred, Nanda Bayin launched a two-pronged invasion in the following dry season on 19 October (O.S. 9 October) 1586 Both armies overcame Siamese defenses and arrived before Ayutthaya by December.
April 1587: Because of poor planning, the Burmese troops began dying in thousands "from want and exposure" during the siege of Ayutthaya. By March, the siege began to falter, and supplies streamed into Ayutthaya through gaps in the Burmese lines. The Burmese forces began their painful withdrawal on 20 April 1587.
January 1593: The invasion army of 24,000 was led by King Naresuan of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, who was trying to defend his territory from the Burmese forces led by King Nanda Bayin. The battle at Suphan Buri was a significant moment in the Burmese–Siamese War of 1592–1593.
January 1593: After being defeated in a battle, the Burmese forces retreated, suffering heavy casualties along the way as the Siamese chased and destroyed their army. This was the last of the campaigns by Nanda Bayin to invade Siam.
2.5.Burmese-Siamese War (1593-1600)
Was a war between the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
2.5.1.Mon State campaign
Was a military campaign by Siamese forces against Burma in the Mon States and in Tenasserim.
January 1594: Tenasserim resisted the siege for 15 days while the siege of Tavoy lasted 20 days, before the Siamese were successful in capturing both cities.
January 1594: Phraya Chakri captured Tenasserim, he captured Mergui.
2.6.Burmese-Siamese War (1609-1622)
Was a war fought between the Toungoo dynasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
January 1623: Tavoy conquered by Kingdom of Toungoo.
2.7.Burmese-Siamese War (1662-1664)
Was a war between the Toungoo Empire of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
2.7.1.Burma invades Siam - 1663
Burmese invasion of Siam during the Burmese-Siamese War (1662-1664).
January 1664: In 1663, the Burmese forces, led by King Pye Min of Burma, invaded the territory of Sai Yok in Siam. The invasion began at Three Pagodas Pass and the Burmese army advanced over 100 kilometers into Siam, marking the beginning of a military occupation.
February 1664: In 1664, the Ayutthaya Kingdom successfully defended against the Burmese invasion led by King Pye Min. King Narai of Siam led the Siamese forces in routing the Burmese, forcing them to retreat back to their own territory. This marked the end of Burma's 1663 invasion of Siam.
2.8.Burmese-Siamese War (1759-60)
Was a first military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) and the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam.
March 1760: In less than two weeks of the war, the Burmese had captured both Mergui and the town of Tenasserim, and controlled the entire Tennaserim coast.
March 1760: The Siamese defenses met the invading force outside Kui Buri but were forced to retreat. The Burmese also captured Pranburi.
March 1760: The Burmese forces, led by King Alaungpaya, defeated the Siamese troops in Suphanburi in 1760. Among the captured Siamese commanders were Phraya Vichayen and Phraya Chakri, who later became King Taksin of Thonburi.
April 1760: In 1760, Burmese forces led by King Alaungpaya invaded the Siamese territories of Phetchaburi and Ratchaburi. The Siamese defenders, led by King Ekkathat, put up a strong resistance but were eventually defeated after several fierce battles in February and March. The Burmese forces successfully occupied the territories, marking a significant victory in the Burmese-Siamese wars.
April 1760: The Burmese arrived at the environs of Ayutthaya and laid siege to the city, hoping to take it before the monsoon.
May 1760: The Burmese king's health deteriorated rapidly. He was suffering from either dysentery or scrofula. King Alaungpaya died on 11 May 1760 near Martaban, after being rushed by the advance guard. With his death, the war ended.
2.9.Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was a war between the Konbaung Dnasty of Burma and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam which led to the collapse of the latter.
April 1767: By late March, the Burmese had dug tunnels to the walls, and mined them. At 4 pm on 7 April, several sections of the wall were brought down by the mines underneath, and the Burmese troops supported by artillery fire stormed the walls.
2.9.1.Northern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was the northern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
August 1765: The invasion began on 23 August 1765 (8th waxing of Tawthalin 1127 ME) at the height of the rainy season when the 20,000 strong northern Burmese army (20 regiments and three hundred war-boats) invaded Siam down the Wang River.
October 1765: Thihapate fought his way down the Wang, finally taking Tak and Kamphaeng Phet by the end of the rainy season.
December 1765: Burmese military leader Thihapate captured the Burmese northern cities of Sukhothai and Phitsanulok.
January 1766: They reached the environs of Ayutthaya, making contact with Maha Nawrahta's army.
February 1766: While the Burmese refilled their ranks, the Siamese command belatedly sent another army to retake Phitsanulok. But the Siamese army was driven back with heavy losses. It was the last major stand by the Siamese in the north. The Siamese defense collapsed afterwards. The Burmese army then moved by boat down the Nan River, taking Phichai, Phichit, Nakhon Sawan, and down the Chao Phraya, taking Ang Thong.
2.9.2.Southern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767)
Was southern Front of the Burmese-Siamese War (1765-1767).
November 1765: Kanchanaburi fell with little resistance in 1765 to the Burmese forces.
January 1766: Burmese forces reached Nonthaburi about 60 km south of Ayutthaya.
Expansion during the rule of Iskandar Muda in the Aceh Sultanate.
January 1608: Alauddin Riayat Shah ibn Firman Shah conquered Pahang, a tin-producing region of the Malayan Peninsula.
January 1630: Aceh conquers the region of Kedah.
January 1401: The Ayutthaya Kingdom conquered large portions of the Khmer Empire.
January 1409: The Lavo Kingdom is incorporated into the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
January 1412: The Ayutthaya king invaded Lan Na in 1411, seizing Chiang Rai.
January 1432: Borommaracha II was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom who led the armies to sack Angkor in 1431, ending its six hundred years of existence. He also expanded the kingdom's territory into the Korat Plateau.
January 1439: King Borommaracha II of Ayutthaya installed Ramesuan as viceroy of Sukhothai, presumably accompanied by Ayutthayan administrative staff and a military garrison, thus marking the end of Sukhothai as an independent kingdom.
January 1451: In 1450, the Kelantan Sultanate fell under the power of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) before being conquered by the Malacca Sultanate. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region during the 15th century.
January 1452: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1452: Kelantan, a territory in present-day Malaysia, fell under the power of the Siamese Kingdom in the 15th century. In 1451, it was conquered by the Malacca Sultanate, a powerful maritime empire in Southeast Asia.
January 1507: By about 1500, the Malacca Sultanate reached its maximum territorial extent. Its city of Malacca was the capital of a great Malay empire, the chief centre of trade in Indian cloth, Chinese porcelain and silk and Malay spices, and the headquarters of Muslim activity in the Malay Archipelago.
January 1551: Kelantan States were conquered again by the Siamese.
January 1570: in 1568, Siam, the most powerful vassal state of the Toungoo Empire, had revolted. King Bayinnaung managed to defeat the Siamese rebellion with great difficulty in 1569.
January 1601: By 1600, the Ayutthaya Kingdom's vassals included some city-states in the Malay Peninsula.
January 1606: Foundation of the Sultanate of Singora.
January 1651: In the mid-17th century Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen) died. She is believed to be the last of four successive female rulers of Patani, which then went through decades of political chaos and conflict, experiencing a gradual decline.
October 1660: Kedah fell under Thai sovereignty.
January 1761: In 1760, the raja at Kubang Labu, variously identified by accounts as either Long Muhammad or Long Pandak, succeeded in reuniting the disparate territories under a single ruler.
January 1765: In 1764, Kelantan regained its independence from Siam under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad I.
Disestablishment
April 1767: By late March, the Burmese had dug tunnels to the walls, and mined them. At 4 pm on 7 April, several sections of the wall were brought down by the mines underneath, and the Burmese troops supported by artillery fire stormed the walls.
Selected Sources
Harvey, G. E. (1925): History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., p. 170
Maung, H. A. (1967): A History of Burma, New York (USA) and London (UK), p. 169
Maung, H. A. (1967): A History of Burma, New York (USA) and London (UK), pp. 169-170
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Ayutthaya Kingdom
