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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Durrani Empire
Emirate of Afghanistan
Afghanistan (British Protectorate)
Kingdom of Afghanistan
Republic of Afghanistan
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Islamic State of Afghanistan
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Afghan Interim Administration
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Establishment
January 1748: Kasur, a town in present-day Pakistan, was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire.
January 1748: Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was a Pashtun military leader who founded the Durrani Empire in 1747. He successfully united various Afghan tribes.
January 1748: Ahmad Shah Abdali declared his independence by founding the Durrani Empire.
January 1748: After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of Afghanistan.
January 1748: In 1747, Peshawar was taken by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, who was the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah Durrani was a prominent military leader who established the empire in the region.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the Durrani Empire.
January 1749: Durrani conquest of Ghazni and Kabul.
January 1750: In 1749 the Mughal ruler ceded sovereignty over much of north-west India to the Afghans.
January 1751: Emir Ahmad Shah of the Durrani Empire set out westward and took possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Shahrokh Shah.
January 1752: In 1751, the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Durrani of the Durrani Empire gained control of Kashmir. This marked the beginning of Durrani rule in the region, which lasted until the early 19th century.
January 1761: Shah Durrani, who was the founder of the Durrani Empire, sent an army to conquer the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains, successfully uniting various tribes under his rule.
January 1762: The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (1759-1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761.
Was a civil war in Persia that led to the end of the Afsharid Dynasty, whose place was taken by the Qajar Dynasty.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
3.1.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
3.1.1.First Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict in India between the Sultanate of Mysore and the East India Company.
October 1767: Haider Ali moved on to capture Kaveripattinam after two days of siege.
December 1767: Mysore ruler Hider Ali besieged Ambur from November 1767.
January 1768: The British garrison commander, Captain Calvert, refused bribes from Haider Ali Khan in Ambur in 1767. The siege was lifted when a relief column arrived in early December. Haider Ali Khan was a prominent military leader in the Mughal Empire.
April 1769: The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed between Mysore and the British (Lord Verelst) East India Company which brought an end to the First Anglo-Mysore War. The treaty agree to revert to the status quo ante bellum.
3.2.Anglo-Afghan Wars
Were three wars in which the British Empire tried to extend its influence in modern-day Afghanistan.
3.2.1.First Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. As the British wanted to extend their influence to Afghanistan, they invaded and occupied the country. An uprising in Kabul led the British to the decision of leaving the country. The whole British army but one man was slaughtered during its retreat.
3.2.1.1.British Invasion (First Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
April 1839: In 1839, British forces led by Sir John Keane crossed the Bolan Pass and captured Quetta, a strategic city in southern Afghanistan. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
April 1839: British forces camped at Kandahar on 25 April 1839.
July 1839: In 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, British-led forces under the command of General Sir John Keane launched a surprise attack and captured the fortress of Ghazni. This strategic victory allowed for the military occupation of Ghazni by Great Britain.
August 1839: In 1838 British viceroy Lord Auckland, restored Shah Shojāʿ to the Afghan throne in Kabul on August 1839 and made Afghanistan a British protectorate.
3.2.1.2.1842 retreat from Kabul
After an uprising in Kabul, the british-indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but was then massacrated during the retreat.
January 1842: After an uprising in Kabul, the British-Indian army was allowed to leave Afghanistan but in reality the British forces were massacrated at Gandamak (January 13 1842).
3.2.1.3.Punitive Expedition to Kabul
The Battle of Kabul was part of a punitive campaign undertaken by the British against the Afghans following the disastrous retreat from Kabul of 1842.
September 1842: The Battle of Kabul in 1842 was led by British General William Elphinstone against Afghan forces, seeking retribution for the massacre of British troops during the retreat from Kabul. The British occupation of Kabul was a response to the Afghan uprising against British rule.
November 1842: After the Kabul Expedition, the British demolished parts of Kabul before withdrawing to India, concluding the First Anglo-Afghan War.
3.2.2.Second Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between Afghanistan and the British Empire. At the end of the war, Afghanistan became a British protectorate.
3.2.2.1.First British Invasion
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
November 1878: Battle of Peiwar Kotal.
3.2.2.1.1.Treaty of Gandamak
Was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the treaty, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj and the country became a British protectorate.
May 1879: With British forces occupying Kabul, Afghan Amir Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to Britain.
May 1879: A peace treaty was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under its terms, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj, including Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber, while retaining sovereignty over the rest of Afghanistan.
3.2.2.2.Afghan Revolt
Was an uprising in Kabul, agains the British forces that had occupied Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
September 1879: An uprising in Kabul led to the slaughter of Sir Louis Cavagnari, the British representative, along with his guards.
3.2.2.3.Second British Invasion (Second Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the second invasion of Afghanistan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, after a revolt in Kabul had forced the British to leave the country.
October 1879: British forces defeated the Afghan Army at Charasiab.
October 1879: In 1879, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Kabul was occupied for two days by British forces led by General Frederick Roberts and Sir Donald Stewart. This military occupation marked a significant moment in the conflict between Afghanistan and Great Britain.
July 1880: Battle of Maiwand.
August 1880: Siege of Kandahar.
September 1880: The Battle of Kandahar brought a close to the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Emir Ayub Khan had been decisively beaten. The British appointed Abdur Rahman as emir of Afghanistan, under a protected state which gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign policy.
October 1880: After the British victory against Afghan forces in the Battle of Kandahar (1880), the British appointed Abdur Rahman as the ruler and left the occupied territories in Afghanistan. Afghanistan became a protectorate with British control over the country's foreign policy.
3.2.3.Third Anglo-Afghan War
Was a conflict that began in 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India.
May 1919: Afghan troops crossed the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass and captured the town of Bagh.
May 1919: An Uprising took place in Peshwar with the support of Afghan forces.
May 1919: The inhabitants of Peshawar complied and by dawn on 8 May the situation in the city was under control and the threat of an uprising abated.
May 1919: A second attack was made on Bagh by the British 1st and 2nd Infantry Brigades, under Major General Fowler, and this time it proved successful.
May 1919: The British commander in Quetta decided to attack the Afghan fortress at Spin Baldak, capturing it.
June 1919: The Afghan camp at Yusef Khel was seized by British force.
August 1919: The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1810: Sikh invasion of the Kangra region.
January 1819: Ranjit Singh, the founder of the Sikh Empire, invaded Peshawar in 1818 and captured it from the Durranis, establishing Sikh control over the region. Singh was a powerful ruler known for his military conquests in the Indian subcontinent.
January 1820: In 1819, the Kashmir Valley passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
4.1.Afghan-Sikh Wars
Were a series of military conflicts between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire that took place mainly in the Punjab region.
January 1779: The city of Multan reverted to Afghan rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778.
July 1813: Battle of Attock.
June 1818: Siege of Multan.
July 1819: Battle of Shopian: Srinagar and Kashmir annexed into the Sikh Empire.
March 1823: Battle of Nowshera: Peshawar Valley annexed by the Sikh Empire.
An unsuccessful attack on the Afghan city of Herat by the Qajar dynasty.
January 1838: In 1837, the Qajar dynasty attacked the city of Herat in Afghanistan.
January 1839: The attack on the Afghan city of Herat by the Qajar dynasty was unsuccessful.
Was a war between Great Britain and Qajar Iran caused by disputes over territories in western Afghanistan.
October 1856: Herat conquered by persia (modern).
March 1857: The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1857, ending the Anglo-Persian War. The Persians, led by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, agreed to withdraw from Herat, which was then incorporated into the Emirate of Afghanistan under Dost Mohammad Khan.
Was the conquest of the Central Asian Emirate of Bukhara by the Russian Empire.
February 1870: Afghan forces leave Badakhshan.
The Durand Line was established in 1893 as the international border between India and the Emirate of Afghanistan by Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat of the Indian Civil Service, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Emir.
November 1893: The British in 1893 forced Afghanistan to consent to the Durand Line and annexed a third of Afghanistan.
Was a conflict between the Soviet Union and the Emirate of Afghanistan in the mid-1920s over the control of the island of Urtatagai.
January 1921: When remnants of the Imperial Russian Army evacuated the island of Urtatagai to aid the White Movement in the Russian Civil War, in 1920 Afghan forces were finally able to capture the island unopposed.
November 1925: On 27 November 1925, due to repeated incursions into Soviet territory by Basmachi rebels using the island as a base, as well as the Soviet claim to the Island, 340 Soviet troops landed on the island of Urtatagai.
February 1926: Western press took interest in the conflict, and supported the Afghan government. With potential war looming, the Soviet leadership decided to let a joint commission decide Urtatagai's fate, which ruled in favour of Afghanistan. On 28 February 1926, the Soviets transferred the island to Afghanistan in a ceremony.
Was a civil war in Afghanistan.
December 1928: In late November, the Saqqawist besieged Jabal al-Siraj, north of Kabul, and on either 11 or 12 December, after 18 days of siege, Ahmad Ali Lodi peacefully surrendered the citadel.
January 1929: Inayatullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan, abdicated the throne in 1929 to Bacha-i-Saqao, also known as Habibullah Kalakani, leader of the Saqqawist Rebels. The rebels took control of Kabul after Inayatullah's surrender.
February 1929: Saqqawist revolt in Jalalabad.
March 1929: Purdil Khan, a prominent leader of the Saqqawist Rebels, successfully captured the territory of Maydan.
March 1929: The Saqqawist Rebels withdrew from Maydan.
March 1929: It was reported that rebel leader Kalakani's army captured Ghazni.
May 1929: One of Kalakani's generals, Abd Al-Wakil Khan, captured Fayzabad in Badakhshan while some of his units reached Farjaghan.
May 1929: Kandahar fell to Saqqawist Rebels.
June 1929: Kalakani's armies were able to take Kalat.
June 1929: Qandahar fell to the rebels on 3 June or 31 May.
June 1929: On 26 June, Kalakani's forces recaptured Gardiz.
June 1929: Kalakani's forces took control of the Unay Pass.
August 1929: On 12 August, after days of skirmishes, Kalakani's forces launched a large counteroffensive and forced the Tagabis to surrender the next day.
September 1929: In early September, the Saqqawists won their last victory by taking Jalalabad.
September 1929: A pro-Nadir uprising in Kandahar succeeded at driving out Kalakani's forces from the city.
October 1929: Government forces seized Charasya, Chihil Tan and Chihil Sutun.
October 1929: By 7 October, Kalakani's forces had retreated from almost all territory outside Kabul, and prepared for their last stand.
October 1929: After several days of bombardment, Nadir's forces entered the Arg, and after a short but fierce battle, captured it, ending the civil war.
10.1.Afghan campaign of the Red Army (1929)
Was a special operation aimed at supporting the ousted king of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan, against the Saqqawists and Basmachi.
April 1929: On the morning of 22 April, Primakov’s detachment began shelling Mazar-i-Sharif. Machine guns hit the defenders on the walls. Two hours after the start of the battle, the gunners brought the guns to the entrance to the citadel and, having launched a volley, broke the gate.
May 1929: After airstrikes and shelling, the garrison of Dehdadi left the fortress to the Red Army.
May 1929: On 12 May, Soviet leader Primakov’s detachment occupied Balkh.
May 1929: The Red Army left Afghanistan after the flight of King Amanullah Khan abroad.
Was a Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan to destroy the economic bases of the Basmachi Movement.
June 1930: At the end of June 1930, the combined cavalry brigade of the Red Army under the command of the brigade commander Yakov Melkumov, crossed the Amu Darya, entering Afghanistan. Not meeting on its way opposition from the local authorities and the regular Afghan army, the Soviet detachment advanced 50-70 km inland.
July 1930: The Soviet forces left the territories they had occupied in northern Afghanistan.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
12.1.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
12.1.1.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
12.1.1.1.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
An armed conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan that took place from September 1960 to September 1961 in Bajaur, Pakistan.
September 1961: Chaman-Quetta Railway, an important strategic pass, was occupied by Afghan forces.
October 1961: Pakistani army retook Chaman-Quetta link after a week of fighting making Afghan forces to retreat back.
Was a civil war in Afghanistan between the end of the 1970's and 2022 that included a series of related conflicts. The first phase of the civil war were two coups d'état that resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In order to support the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, the USSR invaded the country. Two years after the Soviet withdrawal, in 1992, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was ended by the Mujahideen, an Islamic rebel group. This was followed by a conflict mainly between the Mujahideen and the Taliban forces (another Islamic militia). Until 1996 Taliban took control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan, and established of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The civil war continued between the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, two governments recognized by different international actors. This phase was ended by the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. The invasion's goals were to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. With support of the US the Talibans were initially defeated and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established. However, the Talibans started a counteroffensive and in 2021 recaptured whole Afghanistan and established again the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
14.1.1974 coup d'état in Afghanistan
Was a coup d'état in Afghanistan that ended the Kingdom of Afghanistan and established the Republic of Afghanistan.
July 1973: The Afghan monarchy ended with the 1973 Afghan coup d'état.
14.2.Saur Revolution
Was a revolution in Afghanistan that overthrew Afghan president Mohammed Daoud Khan and established the Socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
April 1978: The PDPA came to power through a military coup known as the Saur Revolution, which ousted the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan. Daoud was succeeded by Nur Muhammad Taraki as head of state and government on 30 April 1978.
14.3.Soviet-Afghan War
Was a Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in support of the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and is also considered the first phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. After nearly ten years of fighting with the Afghan mujahideen, the Soviet troops left Afghanistan in 1989 and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan collapsed in 1992.
14.3.1.Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan
Was the Soviet military invasion at the beginning of the Soviet-Afghan War.
December 1979: The units of the 108th Motorized Division of the Soviet Union, under the command of General Boris Gromov, first crossed the Amu Darya river on the evening of 24 December 1979. They then proceeded to occupy the cities of Baghlan, Kunduz, and Pol-e Khomri in northern Afghanistan by the afternoon of 27 December.
December 1979: The 5th Motorized Division, part of the Soviet Union's armed forces, entered western Afghanistan in 1979. Led by General Gromov, they quickly captured the cities of Herat and Shindand as part of the USSR's military occupation of the region.
December 1979: A large numbers of Soviet Airborne Forces joined stationed ground troops and began to land in Kabul on December 25. On December 27, 1979, 700 Soviet troops dressed in Afghan uniforms, including KGB and GRU special forces officers from the Alpha Group and Zenith Group, occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul. The operation was fully complete by the morning of December 28, 1979.
January 1980: The Soviet Union expanded his area of control in Afghanistan up to Farah and Kandahar.
January 1980: By mid-January 1980 the main centers of Afghanistan were in Soviet hands. Red Army troops never attempted to occupy the entire Afghan territory, but concentrated their attention on areas deemed most important such as major urban areas, airports and main roads, ignoring rural areas altogether; at least 80% of Afghan territory remained effectively outside the control of the Kabul government and its Soviet allies.
14.3.2.Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Was the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan that ended the Soviet-Afghan War. The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
February 1989: The final troop withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989.
14.4.Civil war in Afghanistan (1989-92)
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was ended by the Mujahideen, an Islamic rebel group.
April 1991: Khost is besieged by the Mujahideen.
April 1992: General Abdul Rashid Dostum of the Afghan National Army defected the next day, allied with Hezb-i Wahdat and Jamiat-e Islami mujahideen forces, and took control of Mazar-i-Sharif.
April 1992: Ahmad Shah Massoud with his Jamiat-e Islami forces had conquered parts of Parwan Province.
April 1992: Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin invades Kabul.
April 1992: The Islamic State of Afghanistan was the government established by the Peshawar Accords on 26 April 1992.
14.5.Civil war in Afghanistan (1992-1996)
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. It was a conflict mainly between the Mujahideen (an Islamic militia that had ended the socialist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) and the Taliban forces (another Islamic militia). Until 1996 Taliban took control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan, and established of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
November 1994: The Talibans captured Kandahar city.
January 1995: Southern Afghanistan conquered by Talibans.
January 1995: In late January, Ghazni fell to the Taliban.
February 1995: The Taliban began to approach Kabul, capturing Wardak.
February 1995: Maidan Shar conquered by Talibans.
February 1995: Hekmatyar was forced to abandon his artillery positions at Charasiab.
March 1995: Charasiab conquered by Islamic State of Afghanistan.
May 1995: Ismail Khan and Rabbani's forces recaptured Farah from the Taliban.
August 1995: The Government captured Girishk and Helmand from the Taliban.
September 1995: The Taliban were able to capture Farah.
September 1995: Shindand conquered by Talibans.
September 1995: Taliban conquest of Herat.
October 1995: On 11 October, the Taliban retook Charasiab.
October 1995: On 15 October, Bamiyan fell to the Taliban.
April 1996: The government captured Saghar District in Ghor Province from the Taliban.
August 1996: Government forces captured Chaghcharan.
August 1996: Chaghcharan conquered by Talibans.
September 1996: On 11 September, Jalalabad fell to the Taliban.
September 1996: The Taliban captured Mihtarlam in Laghman province.
September 1996: Kunar province fell to the Taliban.
September 1996: The strategic town of Sarobi, an eastern outpost of Kabul, fell to the Taliban.
September 1996: The Taliban conquered Kabul.
September 1996: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was a totalitarian Islamic state established in September 1996 when the Taliban began their rule of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul.
14.6.Civil war in Afghanistan (1996-2001)
Was a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. A continuation of the Civil war in Afghanistan of 1992-1996, it was a struggle between the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, two governments recognized by different international actors. This phase was ended by the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.
May 1997: Malik attacked Dostum's forces in Jawzjan and occupied Dostum's stronghold of Sheberghan.
May 1997: On May 25, the Taliban entered Mazar-e Sharif.
May 1997: On May 30, heavy fighting broke out around Syedabad. Taliban fighters were ambushed. Thousands of Taliban soldiers were taken as prisoners in Maimana, Sheberghan and Mazar-e Sharif.
August 1997: The Taliban entered Mazar-e Sharif.
September 1997: Hairatan was captured by the Taliban in 1997, directly across from Termez in Uzbekistan.
September 2001: Expansion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan by September 2001.
14.7.War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
An US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and a phase of the wider Afghan Civil War. The invasion's goals were to capture or kill Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants, as well as replace the Taliban with a U.S.-friendly government. With support of the US the Talibans were initially defeated and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established. However, the Talibans started a counteroffensive and in 2021 recaptured whole Afghanistan and established again the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
July 2002: In 2002 the Afghan Interim Administration was succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
January 2004: The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
14.7.1.US/Northern Alliance Offensive
Was a military offensive by the Northern Alliance with US support during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021).
November 2001: Mazari Sharif was taken by Northern Alliance fighters.
November 2001: The inhabitants of the town of Tarinkot revolted and expelled their Taliban administrators.
November 2001: Northern Alliance fighters took over Kabul.
November 2001: After the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and Herat were conquered by the Northern Alliance.
November 2001: The Northern Alliance gained control of Kunduz.
December 2001: Fall of Kandahar.
December 2001: The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is overthrown by the US and Northern Alliance during the Battle of Tora Bora.
December 2001: In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed.
14.7.2.Taliban Insurgency
Was the slow reconquest of the Talibans in 2003-2007 during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) that eventually developed in a full-scale offensive.
April 2003: In May 2003, the Taliban Supreme Court's chief justice, Abdul Salam, proclaimed that the Talibans were back.
January 2004: Expansion of the Talibans in 2003.
January 2005: Expansion of the Talibans in 2004.
January 2007: Expansion of the Talibans in 2005-2006.
14.7.3.Operation Moshtarak
Was a US-led pacification offensive in the town of Marjah, Helmand Province, Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan (2001-2021).
February 2010: The town of Showal was captured by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan forces.
March 2010: Talibans losing control of Marjah.
January 2011: Shortly after the withdrawal of NATO soldiers from Marja, it was reported the Taliban had regained control of the town.
14.7.4.Kunduz offensive
Was a Taliban offensive for the control of the city of Kunduz in the northern Kunduz Province.
October 2015: The Taliban fought for the city of Kunduz in the northern Kunduz Province with them capturing the city by September.
November 2015: Afghan Armed Forces recaptured Kunduz in October.
14.7.5.Helmand offensive
Was a Taliban military campaign in the Afghan province of Helmand.
January 2016: By late December, most of Sangin was captured by the Taliban.
14.7.6.2021 Taliban offensive
A military offensive by the Taliban insurgent group and allied militants led to the fall of the Kabul-based Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the end of the nearly 20-year War in Afghanistan that had begun following the United States invasion of the country.
June 2021: In May, the Taliban captured 15 districts from the Afghan government, including Nirkh and Jalrez districts.
June 2021: On 16 June, Taliban fighters executed 22 surrendering Afghan Army commandoes in the town of Dawlat Abad.
June 2021: Taliban forces took control of Balkh and encircled Mazar-i-Sharif, the capital of Balkh Province.
June 2021: On 22 June, the Taliban captured Sher Khan Bandar, Afghanistan's main Tajikistan border crossing.
June 2021: On 25 June, the Taliban took control of the Shinwari District and the Ghorband District.
June 2021: On the same day Rustaq District, Shortepa District and the Arghistan District fell to the Taliban.
June 2021: On 27 June, Chaki Wardak District and Saydabad District fell to the Taliban.
July 2021: In June, the Taliban captured 69 districts from the Afghan government.
July 2021: Ishkashim falls to the Talibans
July 2021: On 8 July, the Taliban captured the strategically important Karukh District in Herat Province.
July 2021: Wakhjir Pass falls to the Talibans
July 2021: Torghundi falls to the Talibans
July 2021: Islam Qala falls to the Talibans
July 2021: On 10 July, the Taliban captured Panjwayi District in Kandahar Province.
July 2021: Spin Boldak conquered by the Talibans.
July 2021: Pro-government forces gained victories in Bamyan Province, as local militias and the police retook the districts of Sayghan and Kahmard from the Taliban.
July 2021: The government recaptured Karakh District.
August 2021: In July, the Taliban captured 64 districts from the Afghan government.
August 2021: Zaranj, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Sheberghan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Taloqan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Sar-e Pol, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Kunduz, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Samangan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Puli Khumri, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Farah, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Fayzabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Kandahar, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Qala e Naw, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Ghazni, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Herat, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Chaghcharan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Puli Alam, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Tarinkot, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Lashkargah, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Qalati Ghilji, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mihtarlam, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Nili, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Maymana, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mazar-i-Sharif, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Aqina conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Asadabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Gardez, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Sharana, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Charikar, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Bamyan, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Hairatan conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Mahmud-i-Raqi, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Torkham conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Jalalabad, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Khost, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Parun, a provincial Capital, is conquered by the Talibans.
August 2021: Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell to the Taliban on August 15, 2021, leading to the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Was a minor skirmish between the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces and the Iranian Border Guard Command along checkpoints on the Afghanistan-Iran border.
December 2020: The Afhganistan-Iran clashes ended later in the day after the two sides came to an agreement and the Taliban withdrew from all captured territory.
December 2021: On 1 December 2021, an armed clash took place between the Iranian border guards and the Taliban fighters on the Afghanistan-Iran border. During the clashes the Taliban fighters captured several Iranian border checkpoints. The checkpoints were quickly evacuated by the Talibans.
January 1751: The state of Makran was established in the eighteenth century by native sardars of the Gichki Baloch family of Makran.
January 1751: Sheberghān became the capital of an independent Uzbek khanate.
January 1751: However, Shaibani was defeated by the Iranian Saffavids but somehow the Uzbek elements remained from then up to day in the region until in the 18th and 19th centuries, Maymana became for the first time the centre of an independent Uzbek khanate.
January 1762: By 1760, with defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km2).
January 1763: A period of anarchy followed the death of Tukkoji and came to an end when Pratapsingh came to the throne in 1739. He ruled until 1763. He allied with Muhammad Ali, the Nawab of the Carnatic, and aided the British East India Company against the French East India Company in the Carnatic Wars and the Seven Years' War. He was the last king to be addressed to be the Directors of the British East India Company as "His Majesty". In 1762, a tripartite treaty was signed between Thanjavur, Carnatic and the British by which he became a vassal of the Nawab of the Carnatic.
April 1766: Lord Robert Clive next applied to Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, who in August 1765 issued a decree granting the company rights to that territory. British began occupying the Northern Circars in March 1766.
January 1767: By 1761, the Maratha menace had diminished and by 1763, Mysore ruler Haider Ali had captured the Keladi kingdom, defeated the rulers of Bilgi, Bednur and Gutti, invaded the Malabar in the south and conquered the Zamorin's capital Calicut with ease in 1766 and extended the Mysore kingdom up to Dharwad and Bellary in the north.
January 1771: The Garhwali forces, led by King Pradyuman Shah, defeated the Rohillas, a Pashtun tribe, in 1770. This victory allowed the Garhwal Kingdom to regain control of the Dun region, a strategic territory in present-day Uttarakhand, India.
January 1772: In 1771, the Maratha leader Mahadji Scindia recaptured Delhi from Afghan control, restoring Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to power. In 1784, the Marathas officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi, solidifying their influence in the region.
January 1773: Kapurthala State established.
January 1773: In 1772, Timur Shah, the son of Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Durrani, lost control of Multan to Sikh forces led by Charat Singh of the Maratha Empire. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1774: Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali, was the founder of the Durrani Empire. He lost control of Punjab to the Sikhs, who were led by leaders such as Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The Maratha Empire also took advantage of Durrani's weakened state to expand their territory.
January 1784: Four branches of the dynasty of Talpur were established following the defeat of the Kalhora dynasty at the Battle of Halani in 1783.
January 1784: Mir Fateh Ali Khan was the ruler of the Talpur dynasty in Sindh. His nephew, Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founded the Khairpur State in 1783 after establishing a branch of the dynasty in Burahan. The territory was renamed Khairpur in honor of its new rulers.
January 1786: In 1785, the Durrani Empire's commander Sirdar Khan, acting on behalf of Mian Abdul Nabi Kalhora of Sindh, attacked Bahawalpur city, leading to the destruction of many buildings.
January 1786: Bahawal Khan, the founder of the Abbasi dynasty, returned to conquer the fort of Bahawalpur in 1785 by way of Uch. He successfully re-established control of the territory, which then became known as Bahawalpur State.
January 1801: After the conquest of Badakhshan by Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later half of the 18th century, the capital was relocated to Faizabad, then known as Jauzun.
January 1802: The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls (states) by 1801, creating a unified political state.
January 1802: The region of Badakshan became part of the Emirate of Bukhara.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1824: The Emirate of Afghanistan emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, became Emir in 1826.
January 1829: The Phulra State was founded in 1828, when Mir Painda Khan Tanoli, the ruler of Amb, granted the area of Phulra as a small principality to his brother, Madad Khan Tanoli.
January 1831: The Muslim khanate was a minor 'Frontier State' in the colonial Northwest Frontier Province, founded circa 1830.
January 1847: In 1846, after the First Anglo-Sikh War, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was established from territories that were previously part of the Sikh Empire. This marked the beginning of the rule of Maharaja Gulab Singh and the Dogra dynasty in the region.
January 1850: The Islamic State of Swat was established in 1849 under Sayyid Akbar Shah with Sharia law remaining in force. The state was in abeyance from 1878 to 1915, during which time it was under British control.
January 1851: In 1850, parts of the Khanate of Kalat were leased or ceded to form the province of British Baluchistan. This territory later became a Chief Commissioners province under British rule.
January 1870: Afghan forces attacked Badakhshan and burned fort Zang Kila.
January 1873: Asheberghan was alotted to Afghanistan by the 1873 Anglo-Russian border agreement.
January 1877: In 1876, under Sher Ali Khan, the Maymana Khanate fell to the kingdom of Kabul and was put in ruins.
January 1885: Nomadic tribes of the Turkmens were brought into Russian citizenship.
January 1886: The entire region that now forms the Chitral District was a fully independent monarchy until 1885, when the British negotiated a subsidiary alliance with its hereditary ruler.
January 1892: The Goldsmid boundary between persia and Afghanistan proved to be inadequate, especially given the shifting of the course of the Helmand, and thus a more precise boundary was drawn up in three sections over the following decades: the northern section by General C.S. MacLean, British consul general for Khorasan and Sīstān, in 1888-91, the southern section by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: Expansion of the Sultanate of Aceh by 1630.
January 1896: Tribal unions of Tajiks in modern-day Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug of Tajikistan are annexed by the Russian Empire.
January 1896: The easternmost section of the Afghan border (now forming part of the Afghan-Tajik boundary) was not finally delimited until 1893-95, with the Afghans agreeing to waive any claims to lands north the Amu Darya.
January 1906: The southern section of the Afghan border was drawn by Colonel Sir Henry McMahon in 1903-05.
August 1919: With the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.
June 1926: Amanullah Khan began the reformation of the country and was crowned 1926 Padshah (king) of Afghanistan and founded the Kingdom of Afghanistan.
May 1935: The central section of the iran-afghanistan border is set.
December 1987: The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was renamed to the Republic of Afghanistan in 1987.
Selected Sources
Hugh, C. (1911): Ranjit Singh, Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 22 (11th ed.), Cambridge (UK), p. 892
Showalter, D. (2013): Imperial Wars 1815-1914, Amber Books Ltd, p. 1839
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